. 2023 Jul 10;26(8):107322. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107322

Table 3.

Summary of digital learning tools used in different countries before and after the pandemic

Country	Human Development Index (HDI)	Citations	Initial Digital Tools Before the Pandemic	Additional tools used during and after the pandemic
United Kingdom	0.932	Khan.et al., Paudel, and Watermeyer et al.²⁹^,³⁰^,³¹	Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle Canvas Blackboards Coursera	Zoom Microsoft Teams Facebook
United States	0.926	Al-Mawee et al. and Armstrong-Mensah et al.³²^,³³	Wide range of Learning Management Systems (LMSs) Coursera	WebEx Zoom Microsoft Teams
South Korea	0.916	Kim et al., Romero, Tinmaz and Ozturk, and UNESCO.³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷	KERIS e-Learning Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) South Korea Educational Broadcasting System (EBS)	WebEx Zoom Microsoft Teams YouTube Google Hangout KakaoTalk
France	0.901	Alabay, Badeau et al., Gaebel, Motte-Signoret et al. and Salles et al.³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²	LMS such as Moodle Webinars	Zoom Microsoft Teams Google Meet Meta/Facebook WhatsApp YouTube
Saudi Arabia	0.854	Aldiab et al., Alzahrani, AI-Youbi et al. and Hoq.⁵^,²⁸^,⁴³^,⁴⁴	Rwaq Blackboard Moodle Canvas D2L	Twitter Meta/Facebook Zoom
Qatar	0.848	(MENAFN, 2020; MOEHE Qatar, 2020)⁴⁵^,⁴⁶	Canvas Blackboards	Mzeed Q-Learning Cisco WebEx Zoom Microsoft Teams WhatsApp
Romania	0.828	Butnaru et al., DIMA et al. and Iurcov et al.⁴⁷^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹	AeL ASK online learning eLearn	Zoom Microsoft Teams Google Meetings Skype Meta Instagram
Turkey	0.820	Keskin et al., Bilgic, and Karadag et al.¹⁵^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹	Moodle Canvas Blackboards MERGEN	Zoom Perculus Adobe Connect Microsoft Teams BigBlueButton Google classroom WhatsApp Skype Viber
Malaysia	0.810	Chung et al., Rahim and Ali, and Syahid et al.⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁴	i-Learn MOOCs	UFuture Meta WeChat Weibo WhatsApp YouTube Telegram Google Classroom
China	0.761	Xiong et al., Carey, He and Wei, Wang et al.and Zhang et al.⁷^,¹¹^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷	Edx Coursera XuetangX iCourse Chaoxing Learning	XuetangX Global iCourse International SWAYAM DingTalk Zoom Cloud WeChat
Jordan	0.729	Al-Balas et al., Al-Salman and Haider, and Al-Shboul and Alsmadi⁵⁸^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰	Edraak Moodle Blackboards	Zoom Microsoft Teams YouTube WhatsApp Group University website/e-mail
South Africa	0.709	Mashau and Nyawo, Mpungose⁶¹^,⁶²	Moodle	Moodle Facebook WhatsApp YouTube Twitter
Egypt	0.707	Dakroury, El-Sayad et al.and Sobaih et al.⁶³^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁵	Unix platform video conferencing using on-demand (VOD)	Facebook WhatsApp YouTube Twitter Zoom Google classrooms
Morocco	0.686	Elfirdoussi et al. and Anigri¹⁹^,⁶⁶	Moodle	Zoo, Microsoft Teams G-Drive Gmail Google Classroom Google Hangout WhatsApp YouTube
Iraq	0.674	Makki and Bali, Elameer¹⁷^,⁶⁷	–	MOOCRDD Baghdad-learning platforms Facebook Viber Zoom YouTube Telegram Skye Instagram
India	0.645	Alvi, Dutta and Jena⁶⁸^,⁶⁹^,⁷⁰	e-Yantra SWAYAM National Digital Library	Virtual Labs Zoom Google Meet Jio Meet YouTube Facebook Instagram Twitter Blogger Google Meet
Ghana	0.611	Asunka, Butakor and Ceasar, Manu et al. and Adzaku and Adzakpa⁷¹^,⁷²^,⁷³^,⁷⁴	Sakai eCampus (Claroline)	Edmodo Ghana 2021 Twitter YouTube Facebook Pinterest Blogging
Pakistan	0.557	Nasir and Hameed, Abbasi et al., Adnan et al., Farid et al.and Khan.¹⁴^,⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,⁷⁷^,⁷⁸	EdmodoOpen Courseware	Facebook WhatsApp Skype Zoom Microsoft teams Google Classroom