Table 3.
Advanced biotechnological tools and techniques available in amaranth and quinoa.
| S. No. | Genetic material | Technology | Type | Purpose | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Amaranthus caudatus L., (PI490458, AMES15114, AMES5461), Amaranthus cruentus L. (434, 622, AMES2248, AMES2247, PI511731, PI777913), Amaranthus hybridus L. (1047), Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. (1221, 718, 674, 722, 412, PI540446) | Tissue culture | MS30 media is most effective with 2.7 μM NAA+ 2.5 Mm 2ip. 2.7 μM NAA + 2.3 μM KIN, 2.7 Mm NAA + 4.4 Mm BA by using seeds as explant | To study morphogenesis and growth of calluses | (228) |
| 2. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus tricholor L. | Tissue culture | B5 + 0.1 mg/L + 0.1–1.0 mg/L ZEA by using hypocotyles as explant | Regeneration | (229) |
| 3. | Amaranthus cruentus L. “Ficha” and Amaranthus hybridus “K-433” | Tissue culture | MS30 + 5 mg/L + 0.01 mg/L NAA on explants (epicotyl, hypocotyls, root and leaf segments) | Propagation | (230) |
| 4. | Amaranthus spp. | Tissue culture | MS media + vitamins + 3–10 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 0.05 mg/L kinetin on hypocotyl segments prepared from aseptically germinated seeds | Micropropagation | (231) |
| 5. | Amaranthus hypohondriacus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus tricolor L. | Tissue culture | MS 30 + 2 mg/L NAA + 0.2 mg/L BA + 10% coconut water on hypocotyles and leaf disc as explants | Regeneration | (232) |
| 6. | Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus gangeticus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus viridus | Tissue culture | MS salts + 0.01 mg/L NAA using shoot tips | Regeneration | (233) |
| 7. | Amaranthus caudatus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Tissue culture | MS 30 + 0.3 mg/L IAA + 3 mg/L KIN using hypocotyls as explant | Regeneration | (234) |
| 8. | Amaranthus. paniculatus L. | Tissue culture | MS30 + 8–15 mg/L KIN or 5–10 mg/L BA, MS30 + 0.5–10 mg/L 2,4- D + 0.5–10 mg/L NAA using inflorescene as explant | Regeneration | (235) |
| 9. | Amaranthus paniculatus L | Tissue culture | B5 KIN (0.5 ppm) and NAA (0.1 ppm), B5 + 1 mg/L GA3 (gibberellic acid) + 1 mg/L KIN + 1 mg/L 2,4-D on hypocotyls | Regeneration ability and callus formation | (236) |
| 10. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. cv. Azteca | Tissue culture | MS30 + 13.2 μM BA + 1.08 μM NAA on epicotyl and hypocotyls on 7 days seedlings | Regeneration | (237) |
| 11. | Amaranthus tricolor | Tissue culture | MS30 + 13.2 μM BA +1.8 μM NAA on 7 days seedling on epicotyl and hypocotyls part | Regeneration | (238) |
| 12. | Amaranthus caudatus | Tissue culture | MS + 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.75 mg/L KIN on Callus cultures from hypocotyls and cotyledons of 15-day-old seedlings seeds | Regeneration | (239) |
| 13. | Amaranthus tricolor | Tissue culture | MS30 on “hairy” roots as explant | Regeneration | (240) |
| 14. | Tissue culture | MS30 + 1.5 mg/L IAA + 0.5 mg/L ZEA, MS30 + 1 mg/L IAA | Regeneration | (66) | |
| 15. | Amaranthus cruentus “Amont,” Amaranthus hypochondriacus “Intense Purple” and Amaranthus ssp. “Plenitude” | Tissue culture | strength of MS media using seeds as explant | Regeneration | (241) |
| 16. | Amaranthus gangeticus | Tissue culture | MS30 + 2 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BA on leaves, stem and roots | Regeneration | (242) |
| 17. | Amaranthus tricolor and Amaranthus spinosus | Tissue culture | MS media + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.5–1 mg/L 2,4-D on hypocotyls segments | Regeneration | (243) |
| 18. | Amaranthus cruentus L. “Ficha” | Tissue culture | MS + 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) + zeatin (ZEA), and thidiazuron (TDZ) (1, 3, and 5 mg/L) all in combination with 0.01 mg/L α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or with 1 mg/L TDZ without auxin using Epicotyl, Hypocotyls, Root and leaf segments | Regeneration | (230) |
| 19. | Chenopodium quinoa | Tissue culture | 2 MS + 3.0 mg/L 6-BA | For Cotyledons with petiole | (244) |
| 2 MS + 3.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA | For axillary bud | ||||
| 2 MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA | Adventitious buds | ||||
| 2 MS + 0.3 mg/L 6-BA | Plantlets | ||||
| 20. | Chenopodium quinoa | Tissue culture | MS medium + 6-benzylaminopurine (8.88 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (6.79 μM) | Regeneration | (245) |
| 21. | Chenopodium quinoa | Tissue culture | MS medium + 0.45 μM 2,4-D using hypocotyls as explant | Regeneration | (246) |
| 22. | Chenopodium quinoa | Tissue culture | MS basal medium + 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.05 mg/L BAP | Callus induction | (227) |
| 23. | Amaranthus spp. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Indirect gene transfer | Unsuccessful | (247) |
| 24. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains used: C58- pTiC58 and A281(pGA471) | Tissue-specific and light-inducible expression directed by a pea chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter in transgenic amaranth plants and their progeny | (237) |
| 25. | Amaranthus tricolor L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 | transgenic plants using internodes and leaf blades | (240) |
| 26. | Amaranthus tricolor L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4, LBA9402 | Transgenic plants | (248) |
| 27. | Amaranthus tricolor L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105, LBA, 4404 (p35SGUSINT with genes of npt II—kanamycin resistance and uidA for each strain) | Transgenic plants | (238) |
| 28. | Amaranthus L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL1 [p5b5, p5d9, p5f7 with gene of hph (gene codes hygromycin-B-phosphotransferase protein)] | Transgenic plants | (249) |
| 29. | Amaranthus trisis Willd. (trisis is the synonym of Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefacies strain EHA 105 harbouringpCAMBIA, 1301 | Transgenic plants | (250) |
| 30. | Amaranthus retroflexus L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0, which contained gene construction in the vector pCAMBIA, 1301 with ARGOS-like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (ARL) | Transgenic plants | (251) |
| 31. | Amaranthus cruentus L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0, which contained gene construction in the vector pCAMBIA, 1301 with ARGOS-like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (ARL) | Transgenic plants | (252) |
| 32. | Amaranthus caudatus L. cv. Karmin, cv. Helios | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 [with uidA and bar (phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase) genes] | Transgenic plants | (253) |
| 33. | Amaranthus caudatus L. | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Strain used: Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 | Transgenic plants | (254) |
| 34. | Amaranthus caudatus | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain and Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 strain used | Resistant plants to herbicide | (255) |
| 35. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus hybridus | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Agrobacterium rhizogenes were used: R1000, K599 and BVG strain | Protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryo germination from grain amaranth transgenic hairy roots | (256) |
| 36. | Amaranthus cruentus L | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Epicotyl segments by the ARGOSLIKE transgene of Arabidopsis thaliana controlled by the 35S promoter in the binary vector pCambia, 1301 with a selective hygromycin B resistance gene | Transgenic plants | (257) |
| 37. | Chenopodium quinoa | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Two transformation systems using hairy root and leaf agroinfiltration | DNA manipulation | (225) |
| 38. | Chenopodium quinoa | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Transcriptome analysis (Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol) | QTL mapping | (226) |
| 39. | Chenopodium quinoa | Agrobacterium-mediated transformation | Gene-editing systems | Transgenic plants | (258) |
| 40. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Molecular markers | SNP markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (22) |
| 41. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Floral expressed sequenced tag (EST) | (209) | |
| 42. | Chenopodium quinoa | SNP assays | Fluidigm dynamic array based on KASPar genotyping | (205) | |
| 43. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (210) | |
| 44. | Amaranthus spp. | Molecular markers | RAPD primers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (24) |
| 45. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | RAPD markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (200) |
| 46. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | RAPD and ISSR markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (203) |
| 47. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers Molecular markers | RAPD and ISSR markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (259) |
| 48. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | ISSR markers | Molecularly characterization of quinuamaterials | (216) |
| 49. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | ISSR markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (219) |
| 50. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | ISSR markers, SCoT DNA chloroplast markers | DNA fingerprinting and barcoding | (220) |
| 51. | Amaranth spp. | Molecular markers | SSR markers | Genetic diversity | (142) |
| 52. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Detect polymorphism in quinoa | (204) | |
| 53. | Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium giganteum, Chenopodium album | Molecular markers | Fluorescence-tagged markers analysis | (206) | |
| 54. | Chenopodium quinoa Willd. | Molecular markers | Genetic mapping | (203) | |
| 55. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | EST-SSR markers | Polymorphism studies | (212) |
| 56. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | SSR markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (223) |
| 57. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus hybridus | Molecular markers | Chloroplast genome assembly | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (146) |
| 58. | Amaranthus cruentus | Molecular markers | Chromosome-level genome assembly | To study role of specific genes with in phytic acid synthesis (an anti-nutrient) | (260) |
| 59. | Amaranthus hypochondriacus | Molecular markers | Linkage mapping | QTL mapping | (189) |
| 60. | Amaranthus spp. | Genetic Diversity | Gene mapping | DNA fingerprinting | (136) |
| 61. | Chenopodium hircinum and wild quinoa ajara | Allozyme markers | Diversity study | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (194, 195) |
| 62. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Microsatellite markers | DNA fingerprinting | (208) |
| 63. | Tetraploid species of quinoa | Molecular markers | Flowering Locus T-Like genes were used as markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (211) |
| 64. | Chenopodium quinoa Willd. | Molecular markers | DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing (CD-HITprogram) | Polyploidy study | (213) |
| 65. | Chenopodium quinoa Willd. | Molecular markers | Chromosome-scale reference genome sequence | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (96) |
| 66. | Chenopodium quinoa and Chenopodium album | Molecular markers | Complete chloroplast (cp) DNA analysis | PCR amplification with InDel specific primers | (215) |
| 67. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | InDel (insertion/deletion) | Whole-genome re-sequencing | (217) |
| 68. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Molecular studies | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (218) |
| 69. | Accessions of Chenopodium quinoa and of Chenopodium album | Molecular markers | SDS-PAGE protein profiling | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (221) |
| 70. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Microsatellite markers | Genetic diversity and fingerprinting | (222) |
| 71. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | PacBio long-read sequencing | Genome assembly scaffolding | (261) |
| 72. | Chenopodium quinoa | Molecular markers | Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | QTLs (quantitative trait loci) Mapping | (214) |