Figure 1. CHIP is associated with chronic liver disease.
a, Association of CHIP with prevalent and incident chronic liver disease. WES, whole-exome sequencing. b, Association of clonal haematopoiesis with subtypes of incident chronic liver disease in the UK Biobank. ALD, alcohol-related liver disease. c, Association of clonal haematopoiesis with biopsy-proven NASH in MGB Biobank. Estimates in prevalent analyses were derived using logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, type 2 diabetes and smoking. d, Mendelian randomization estimates of the association of CHIP with chronic liver disease. Estimates were derived using MR-RAPS with 184 independent genetic variants with significance of P < 0.0001. Estimates in incident analyses were derived using Cox proportional hazards regression, with adjustment for age, sex, type 2 diabetes and smoking. MGB Biobank cohorts were matched for age, sex, type 2 diabetes, body mass index and smoking. NASH was defined as chronic liver disease among individuals with a body mass index of 30 kg m−2 or more who consumed 21 drinks or fewer per week for men and 14 drinks or fewer per week for women. Alcohol-related liver disease was defined as chronic liver disease among individuals who consumed 21 drinks or more per week for men or 14 drinks or more per week for women.