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. 2023 Jul 24;10:1235992. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1235992

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Copyright © 2023 Cao, Chen, Song, Guo, Pan and Cao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Combination of periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) and various types of scaffolds used in bone (A–E) and cartilage formation (F–J). The New bone formation has been demonstrated after the co-cultured BMSC and PDCs combined with β-TCP (A) or PLGA (C) scaffolds. PDCs and PDO/Pluronic F127 scaffold with pre-seeded CD146 positive cells can be used to restore the bony defects of the maxillofacial region (B). Collagraft (D) and HA (E) are other two scaffolds used for bone regeneration. Regarding cartilage formation, PDCs combined with PEGDA tethered with PEG and BMP2 can be applied to promote tendon-bone healing (F). PDCs can infiltrate PCL scaffolds and form cartilage in vitro (G). RGD-PEG hydrogels also support the proliferation and in vitro chondrogenesis of PDCs (H). HA-P (I) and DBM (J) have also been used for cartilage formation.