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. 2023 Jul 24;14:1229828. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1229828

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Copyright © 2023 Joshi, Gangola, Bhandari, Bhandari, Nainwal, Rani, Malik and Slama.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Different strategies such as: bioleaching, biomineralization, biotransformation, biosorption, and bioaccumulation by microbial system for the removal or transformation of toxic HMs from contaminated sites.