Table 1.
Human diseases reported with altered levels of endogenous CDNF and MANF.
| Disease | Tissue | Measure | Change | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDNF | ||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Liver | mRNA | ↓ | (58) |
| Parkinson’s disease | Hippocampus | Protein | ↑ | (59) |
| Parkinson’s disease | Blood | mRNA | ↑ | (54) |
| Stroke | Platelets | mRNA | ↓ | (60) |
| Type 2 diabetes | Liver | mRNA | ↓ | (58) |
| MANF | ||||
| Acute ischemic stroke | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (61) |
| Adult growth hormone deficiency | Serum | Protein | ↓ | (62) |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Cortex | Protein | ↑ | (63) |
| Drug-induced liver injury | Serum and liver | Protein | ↑ | (64) |
| Hepatitis B | Liver | mRNA, protein | ↑ | (65) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Liver | mRNA | ↑ | (58) |
| Hyperlipidemia | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (66) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Colon | Protein | ↑ | (67) |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | Serum | Protein | ↓ | (56) |
| Major depressive disorder | Serum | Protein | ↓ | (68) |
| Obesity | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (69) |
| Parkinson’s disease | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (54) |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome | Serum | Protein | ↓ | (70) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | White blood cells | mRNA | ↑ | (71) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Synovial membrane | Protein | ↑ | (72) |
| Systemic lupus erythematous | White blood cells | mRNA | ↑ | (71) |
| Transient ischemic attack | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (61) |
| Type 1 diabetes | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (53) |
| Type 2 diabetes | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (73) |
| Type 2 diabetes | Liver | mRNA | ↑ | (58) |
| Type 2 diabetes | Serum | Protein | ↑ | (66) |
| Type 2 diabetes | Plasma | Protein | ↓ | (74) |
Diseases are listed in alphabetical order. ↑ indicates an increase in expression and ↓ a decrease in expression.