Table 1.
| Phase of swallowing | Observed impairments |
|---|---|
| Oral preparatory/transit | Impaired mandible movement |
| Jaw rigidity | |
| Xerostomia | |
| Sialorrhea | |
| Impaired lingual movement/pressure generation | |
| Tongue pumping/rocking | |
| Premature spillage/reduced posterior bolus containment | |
| Reduced spontaneous swallowing | |
| Piecemealed deglutition | |
| Oral residue | |
| Pharyngeal | Delayed swallow reflex |
| Decreased hyolaryngeal elevation | |
| Impaired laryngeal/pharyngeal movement due to anterocollis | |
| Impaired pharyngeal contraction | |
| Aspiration | |
| Diminished/absent cough response to aspiration | |
| Decreased cricopharyngeal opening | |
| Residue in the valleculae and pyriform sinuses | |
| Esophageal | Dysfunction of the upper esophageal sphincter |
| Impaired esophageal peristalsis/non-propulsive contractions | |
| Esophageal spasms Repetitive contractions |