Quantitative parameters of the created BN@CDs and other functionalized CDs for fluorometric assay of Al³⁺ and F⁻.

Analyte	Probe	Dynamic linear range (μM)	LOD (μM)	Reference
Al3+	B, N@CDs	0–100	1.07	35
	β-Cyclodextrin–N@CDs	0–20	0.231	40
	Amino acid@CDs	1–20	0.32	41
	N@CDs	10–2500	0.023	42
	N@CDs	0–500	0.216	43
	B, N@CQDs	0–100	1.07	44
	B, N@CDs	0.03–90	0.009	This work
F−	Se, N@CDs–curcumin	2–60	0.39	45
	N@CDs/Al3+–morin complex	0.5–150	2.09	46
	N@CDs/Fe3+	0–21	1.26	47
	B, N@CDs/Al 3+	0.18–80	0.05	This work