Table 3.
GRADE scoring of the relationship between GGT and CAG/PCI-induced CIN
| Quality assessment | No. patients | Effect | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. studies | Design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | Increased serum GGT | Control | Relative (95% CI) | Absolute | Quality |
| 4 | Observational studies | No serious risk of bias | Very serious a | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | Strong association b | 268 | 1078 | — | SMD: 0.64 (0.13–1.15 ) | Very low |
a
High unexplained heterogeneity was observed among the included studies.
b
The pooled odds ratio is higher than 2.
CAG, coronary angiography; CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.