TABLE 2.

Summary of combinatorial approaches for spinal cord injury: components and effects on axonal regeneration, myelination, neuroprotection, and functional recovery.

Combinatorial approach	Components	Effects on spinal cord injury
Stem cells + growth factors	Neural stem cells + BDNF, NT-3, GDNF	Promote axonal regeneration, myelination, and functional recovery
Stem cells + scaffolds	Mesenchymal stem cells + chitosan, collagen, fibrin, hyaluronic acid	Provide mechanical support, promote cell survival and differentiation, and improve functional recovery
Stem cells + immune modulation	Induced pluripotent stem cells + regulatory T cells, cytokines, antibodies	Modulate immune response, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair
Stem cells + exosomes	Olfactory ensheathing cells + exosomes derived from MSCs or neural stem cells	Deliver trophic factors, promote axonal growth and myelination, and reduce apoptosis
Stem cells + electrical stimulation	Schwann cells + conductive polymers, electric fields	Enhance cell migration, promote myelination and axonal regeneration, and improve functional recovery
Stem cells + gene therapy	Neural stem cells + growth factors, transcription factors, CRISPR/Cas9	Enhance cell survival, differentiation, and integration, and promote tissue repair and functional recovery
Stem cells + physical therapy	Mesenchymal stem cells + locomotor training, range-of-motion exercises	Improve motor function, muscle strength, and quality of life

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, cell-derived neurotrophic factor; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NT-3, neurotrophin-3.