Table 2.

Organoids (or biobanks) of various tumors.

First report year	Cancer types	Description	Reference
2011	CRC	Sato et al developed an organoid culture technology that can be used to study gastrointestinal tract tumors. Using this technology, they successfully established organoids from mouse adenomas and human CRC cells. This was the first report of human tumor organoids.	[55]
2014	Prostate cancer	Gao et al have successfully cultured prostate cancer organoids for a long time. These patient-derived prostate cancer organoids can be cultured on a large scale and used for genetic and pharmacological studies.	[56]
2015	Pancreatic cancer	Huang et al generated human PDAC organoids, which maintained the pathological properties of the primary tumor and patient-specific physiologic changes. These tumor organoids can be used to model PDAC and test personalized therapies.	[57]
2016	Glioblastoma	Hubert et al established a 3D organoids culture system that supports generation of GBOs derived from glioblastoma specimens. Orthotopic transplantation of these patient-derived GBOs resulted in tumors exhibiting histological features of the original tumor.	[66]
2017	Endometrial cancer	Turco et al derived 3D cultured organoids from human normal, decidualized, and malignant endometrium. These organoids are helpful for studying uterine diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer.	[58]
2017	Liver cancer	Broutier et al established PDTOs cultures from patients with PLC, including three tumor tissue types (HCC, CC, and HCC/CC). These organoids retained the histological architecture and genetic features of the original tumor and can be used to understand liver cancer biology and develop personalized medicine.	[59]
2018	BC	Sachs et al generated >100 primary and metastatic BC organoids from different types of patients with BC. The morphology, histopathology, and hormone receptor status of these BC organoids matched those of the original tumor tissue, and these organoids can be used in cancer research and personalized medicine development.	[60]
2018	Lung cancer	Clevers’ group cultured lung cancer organoids from surgically resected tissues and needle biopsy tissues. These organoids can retain tumor histopathology and gene mutations, are suitable for large-scale drug screening, and are ideal models for studying pulmonary diseases.	[61,62]
2018	GC	Vlachogiannis et al generated a biobank of PDTOs from patients with colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, and GC. These PDTOs highly preserved phenotypic and genotypic profiling of the original tumor, and can predict drug responses.	[63]
2018	Esophageal cancer	Li et al generated EAC organoids that reproduce the morphological, genomic, and transcriptomic features of the primary tumor. These EAC organoids provide preclinical tools for the precision therapy.	[64]
2018	OC	Hill et al established 33 HGSC organoids from 22 patients with HGSC and performed functional profiling of DNA repair in these HGSC organoids. These HGSC organoids are genetically and functionally matched to the original tumor and are expected to predict the clinical response of patients with HGSC.	[65]
2018	Bladder cancer	Lee et al established a biobank of human bladder cancer organoids derived from patient biopsies. These organoids retained original tumor heterogeneity and can be used for drug screening.	[52]
2019	Renal carcinoma	Grassi et al established renal cell carcinoma organoids derived from renal tumor tissues. These tumor organoids retain primary tumor-specific markers and can be orthotopically transplanted into immunocompromised mice to develop neoplastic masses. It is expected to become a new model for kidney replacement and for studying renal diseases.	[54]
2020	Thyroid cancer	Sondorp et al established long-term cultured PTC organoids from 13 patients’ PTC tissues. They also established tumor organoids from patients with three I131-resistant PTC. These organoids can be used for pre-treatment diagnosis of patients with I131-resistant PTC.	[70]

BC: Breast cancer; CC: Cholangiocarcinoma; CRC: Colorectal cancer; EAC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; GBOs: Glioblastoma organoids; GC: Gastric cancer; HCC: Hepatic cellular cancer; HGSC: High-grade serous ovarian cancer; I¹³¹: Radioactive iodine; OC: Ovarian cancer; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PDTOs: Patient-derived tumor organoids; PLC: Primary liver cancer; PTC: Papillary thyroid cancer.