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The overall characteristics of developed multi-functional hydrogel ink. (A) Schematic illustration of 3D-printable hydrogel ink material components and the printed architecture. (B, C) Illustration of mechanically tough and self-healing properties of PVA/TA/PAA hydrogel ink. (D) Electrically conductive performance of PVA/TA/PAA/CNT hydrogel inks through LED lighting tests.
