Table 4. Univariate and logistic regression analysis in patients with the Hikikomori-like idiom of distress (HLID)according to HQ-25 associated with demographic and clinical outcomes.
| The presence of HLID a | Logistic regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 673) | No (n = 856) | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
| Outcomes | n (%) | n (%) | OR (p-value) | OR (p-value) | VIF |
| Demographic | |||||
| Gender: | |||||
| Female | 478 (71.0) | 557 (65.1) | 1.32 (0.014*) | 1.09 (0.528) | 1.107 |
| Male | 195 (29.0) | 299 (34.9) | |||
| Marital status: | |||||
| Single/divorced/widow | 351 (52.2) | 239 (27.9) | 2.81 (< .001**) | 1.51`(0.007*) | 1.714 |
| Married | 322 (47.8) | 617 (72.1) | |||
| Age (years) | 0.93 (< .001**) | 0.97 (0.008**) | 2.017 | ||
| Education level: | |||||
| High school/below | 102 (15.2) | 119 (13.9) | 1.11 (0.489) | ||
| University/above | 571 (84.8) | 737 (86.1) | |||
| Place of living: | |||||
| Urban | 224 (35.3) | 356 (40.6) | 0.71 (0.001**) | 0.71 (0.006**) | 1.010 |
| Rural | 449 (64.7) | 500 (59.4) | |||
| Socioeconomic status: | |||||
| Upper | 34 (5.1) | 28 (3.3) | 1.51 (0.117) | ||
| Middle | 235 (34.9) | 325 (38.0) | 0.90 (0.333) | ||
| Low (ref) | 404 (60.0) | 503 (58.8) | |||
| Living alone: | |||||
| Yes | 167 (24.8) | 87 (10.2) | 2.92 (< .001**) | 0.39 (0.3361) | 3.395 |
| No | 516 (75.2) | 769 (89.8) | |||
| Occupation: | |||||
| Student | 168 (25.0) | 87 (10.2) | 3.56 (< .001**) | 3.34 (0.240) | 3.242 |
| Unemployed | 203 (30.2) | 213 (24.9) | 1.75 (< .001**) | 1.72 (< .001**) | |
| Employed (ref) | 302 (44.9) | 556 (65.0) | |||
| Screen time spent on the Internet: | |||||
| >7 | 178 (26.4) | 69 (8.1) | 6.45 (< .001**) | 4.50 (< .001**) | 1.168 |
| 4–7 | 296 (44.0) | 289 (33.8) | 2.56 (< .001**) | 2.08 (< .001**) | |
| <4 (ref) | 199 (29.6) | 498 (58.2) | |||
| Having mental illness: | |||||
| Yes | 85 (12.6) | 31 (3.6) | 3.85 (< .001**) | 3.68 (< .001**) | 1.042 |
| No | 588 (87.4) | 825 (96.4) | |||
| Family mental illness: | |||||
| Yes | 158 (23.5) | 145 (16.9) | 1.50 (0.002**) | 1.18 (0.260) | 1.069 |
| No | 515 (76.5) | 711 (83.1) | |||
| Adverse Childhood Experiences^: | |||||
| Yes | 496 (73.7) | 417 (48.7) | 2.95 (< .001**) | 2.59 (< .001**) | 1.085 |
| No | 177 (26.3) | 439 (51.3) | |||
| Smoking: | |||||
| Yes | 39 (5.8) | 37 (4.3) | 1.36 (0.190) | ||
| No | 634 (94.2) | 819 (95.7) | |||
| Drinking alcohol: | |||||
| Yes | 12 (1.8) | 10 (1.2) | 1.54 (0.320) | ||
| No | 661 (98.2) | 846 (98.8) | |||
aHQ-25: Hikikomori Questionnaire, total score range 0–100, cut-off is 42 (Yes) and <42 (No);
^: Physical/emotional/sexual abuse;
Logistic (enter) model: Hosmer and Lemeshow (χ2 = 3.30, p = 0.914), Cox and Snell R2 = 0.204, Sensitivity = 66.4%, specificity = 73.0%, overall = 70.1%; Ref: reference point; a: OR: Odds ratio;
*, Sig. at p<0.05;
**, Sig. at p< 0.01;
VIF: Variance inflation factor, cut-off > 5 considered problematic.