Table 2.
Demographics of the Chinese adults aged 60 years or older in 2015, and related factors for frailty, by frailty stage.
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robust (48,923) | Pre-frailty (42,958) | Frailty (7,705) | p for difference | Robust (44,396) | Pre-frailty (52,500) | Frailty (11,904) | p for difference | |
| Proportion of participants | 49.1% | 43.1% | 7.7% | <0.0001 | 40.8% | 48.3% | 10.9% | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 67.9 ± 6.9 | 70.3 ± 7.7 | 73.6 ± 8.5 | <0.0001 | 68.1 ± 7.3 | 70.8 ± 8.1 | 74.3 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 |
| Age group | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 60–64 | 19,852 (40.7%) | 12,354 (28.9%) | 1,404 (18.3%) | 18,194 (41.1%) | 14,668 (28.0%) | 2021 (17.0%) | ||
| 65–69 | 12,585 (25.8%) | 10,208 (23.8%) | 1,401 (18.2%) | 10,867 (24.6%) | 11,879 (22.7%) | 2,105 (17.7%) | ||
| 70–74 | 7,481 (15.3%) | 7,832 (18.3%) | 1,376 (17.9%) | 6,543 (14.8%) | 9,279 (17.7%) | 1,989 (16.7%) | ||
| 75–79 | 4,973 (10.2%) | 6,338 (14.8%) | 1,428 (18.6%) | 4,558 (10.3%) | 7,716 (14.7%) | 2,158 (18.2%) | ||
| 80–84 | 2,695 (5.5%) | 3,948 (9.2%) | 1,181 (15.4%) | 2,610 (5.9%) | 5,456 (10.4%) | 1,919 (16.2%) | ||
| ≥85 | 1,173 (2.4%) | 2,139 (5.0%) | 890 (11.6%) | 1,476 (3.3%) | 3,333 (6.4%) | 1,686 (14.2%) | ||
| Urban or rural residents | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Urban residents | 26,305 (53.8%) | 20,356 (47.4%) | 3,520 (45.7%) | 25,196 (56.8%) | 26,479 (50.4%) | 5,471 (46.0%) | ||
| Rural residents | 22,618 (46.2%) | 22,602 (52.6%) | 4,185 (54.3%) | 19,200 (43.2%) | 26,021 (49.6%) | 6,433 (54.0%) | ||
| Education level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Primary school or less | 27,628 (56.7%) | 27,540 (64.3%) | 5,423 (70.6%) | 34,119 (77.1%) | 43,427 (83.0%) | 10,533 (88.7%) | ||
| Middle school | 13,593 (27.9%) | 9,947 (23.2%) | 1,515 (19.7%) | 6,694 (15.1%) | 5,887 (11.2%) | 881 (7.4%) | ||
| High school or higher | 7,538 (15.5%) | 5,332 (12.5%) | 742 (9.7%) | 3,435 (7.8%) | 3,017 (5.8%) | 464 (3.9%) | ||
| Ethnicity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Han | 46,156 (94.4%) | 40,285 (93.9%) | 7,203 (93.6%) | 41,872 (94.4%) | 49,120 (93.7%) | 11,172 (93.9%) | ||
| Ethnic minorities | 2,725 (5.6%) | 2,630 (6.1%) | 493 (6.4%) | 2,470 (5.6%) | 3,329 (6.3%) | 722 (6.1%) | ||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Married | 41,885 (87.0%) | 32,567 (76.9%) | 5,318 (70.0%) | 32,059 (73.4%) | 30,674 (59.2%) | 5,445 (46.4%) | ||
| Others | 6,242 (13.0%) | 9,802 (23.1%) | 2,274 (30.0%) | 11,602 (26.6%) | 21,100 (40.8%) | 6,283 (53.6%) | ||
| Living status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Living alone | 3,127 (6.4%) | 6,758 (15.8%) | 1,371 (17.8%) | 3,410 (7.7%) | 10,489 (20.0%) | 2,881 (24.2%) | ||
| Not living alone | 45,689 (93.6%) | 36,108 (84.2%) | 6,313 (82.2%) | 40,909 (92.3%) | 41,949 (80.0%) | 9,002 (75.8%) | ||
| Medical insurance | 0.594 | 0.257 | ||||||
| No | 433 (0.9%) | 394 (0.9%) | 77 (1.0%) | 362 (0.8%) | 469 (0.9%) | 113 (1.0%) | ||
| Yes | 48,311 (99.1%) | 42,423 (99.1%) | 7,598 (99.0%) | 43,877 (99.2%) | 51,873 (99.1%) | 11,752 (99.0%) | ||
| Convenience of medical expense reimbursement | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Convenience | 35,207 (76.3%) | 29,618 (72.9%) | 5,197 (71.3%) | 32,142 (76.7%) | 36,782 (74.0%) | 8,117 (72.2%) | ||
| Still acceptable | 8,590 (18.6%) | 8,206 (20.2%) | 1,439 (19.8%) | 7,835 (18.7%) | 9,758 (19.6%) | 2,219 (19.7%) | ||
| Inconvenience | 2,355 (5.1%) | 2,781 (6.8%) | 650 (8.9%) | 1,915 (4.6%) | 3,135 (6.3%) | 901 (8.0%) | ||
| Economic status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Rich | 9,648 (19.9%) | 5,547 (13.0%) | 794 (10.4%) | 9,094 (20.6%) | 7,096 (13.6%) | 1,234 (10.4%) | ||
| Adequate | 29,880 (61.5%) | 23,970 (56.2%) | 3,830 (50.1%) | 27,497 (62.4%) | 29,886 (57.3%) | 6,034 (51.0%) | ||
| Poor | 9,039 (18.6%) | 13,154 (30.8%) | 3,020 (39.5%) | 7,483 (17.0%) | 15,144 (29.1%) | 4,565 (38.6%) | ||
| Living in northern or southern China | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Northern | 10,294 (21.0%) | 11,181 (26.0%) | 2,618 (34.0%) | 8,963 (20.2%) | 13,299 (25.3%) | 3,902 (32.8%) | ||
| Southern | 38,629 (79.0%) | 31,777 (74.0%) | 5,087 (66.0%) | 35,433 (79.8%) | 39,201 (74.7%) | 8,002 (67.2%) | ||
| Comorbidity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| ≥2 | 7,623 (15.6%) | 30,824 (71.8%) | 6,919 (89.8%) | 8,062 (18.2%) | 39,330 (74.9%) | 10,808 (90.8%) | ||
| <2 | 41,300 (84.4%) | 12,134 (28.2%) | 786 (10.2%) | 36,334 (81.8%) | 13,170 (25.1%) | 1,096 (9.2%) | ||
| ADL disability | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Yes | 70 (0.1%) | 923 (2.1%) | 2,497 (32.4%) | 70 (0.2%) | 1,420 (2.7%) | 3,757 (31.6%) | ||
| No | 48,853 (99.9%) | 42,035 (97.9%) | 5,208 (67.6%) | 44,326 (99.8%) | 51,080 (97.3%) | 8,147 (68.4%) | ||
ADL, activities of daily living.