Table 3.
Age-sex standardized prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty among people aged 60 years or older in China, 2015.
| Prevalence (%) of pre-frailty (95% CI) | Prevalence (%) of frailty (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Total | Men | Women | Total | |
| 43.8% (43.5–44.1) | 48.1% (47.8–48.4) | 46.1% (45.9–46.3) | 7.9% (7.7–8.1) | 11.0% (10.8–11.2) | 9.5% (9.4–9.7) | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 60–64 | 32.1% (31.6–32.6) | 34.1% (33.6–34.6) | 33.1% (32.7–33.5) | 3.7% (3.5–3.9) | 4.7% (4.5–4.9) | 4.2% (4.0–4.3) |
| 65–69 | 49.1% (48.5–49.7) | 57.8% (57.2–58.4) | 53.5% (52.9–54.1) | 6.8% (6.4–7.1) | 10.3% (9.9–10.7) | 8.5% (8.3–8.8) |
| 70–74 | 53.3% (52.6–54.1) | 58.7% (58.0–59.5) | 56.1% (55.4–56.9) | 9.3% (8.9–9.8) | 12.5% (12.0–13.0) | 11.0% (10.6–11.3) |
| 75–79 | 45.4% (44.5–46.3) | 48.1% (47.3–48.9) | 46.8% (46.1–47.6) | 10.2% (9.7–10.7) | 13.4% (12.9–14.0) | 11.9% (11.5–12.3) |
| 80–84 | 47.0% (45.9–48.1) | 48.0% (47.0–49.0) | 47.5% (46.6–48.5) | 14.1% (13.3–14.8) | 16.8% (16.1–17.6) | 15.6% (15.1–16.1) |
| ≥85 | 58.3% (56.8–59.7) | 58.1% (56.9–59.3) | 58.2% (56.9–59.4) | 24.3% (23.0–25.6) | 29.4% (28.3–30.5) | 27.4% (26.6–28.3) |
| Urban or rural residents | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Rural | 45.5% (45.1–46) | 51.3% (50.9–51.8) | 48.5% (48.2–48.8) | 8.6% (8.3–8.8) | 12.9% (12.6–13.2) | 10.8% (10.6–11.0) |
| Urban | 41.9% (41.5–42.4) | 45.3% (44.9–45.7) | 43.7% (43.4–44.0) | 7.1% (6.9–7.4) | 9.3% (9.1–9.6) | 8.3% (8.1–8.5) |
| p for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Primary school or less | 45.5% (45.1–45.9) | 48.9% (48.5–49.2) | 47.5% (47.3–47.8) | 8.6% (8.4–8.8) | 11.6% (11.4–11.8) | 10.4% (10.2–10.5) |
| Middle school | 41.9% (41.3–42.5) | 46.3% (45.4–47.1) | 43.5% (43.0–44.0) | 7.3% (7.0–7.7) | 8.2% (7.7–8.7) | 7.6% (7.4–7.9) |
| High school or higher | 39.8% (38.9–40.6) | 44.8% (43.6–45.9) | 41.4% (40.8–42.1) | 5.7% (5.3–6) | 8.1% (7.4–8.7) | 6.5% (6.1–6.8) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Ethnic minorities | 46.1% (44.9–47.4) | 50.1% (48.9–51.3) | 48.2% (47.4–49.1) | 8.8% (8.1–9.6) | 11.0% (10.2–11.8) | 10.0% (9.5–10.5) |
| Han | 43.7% (43.4–44.0) | 48.0% (47.7–48.3) | 46.0% (45.7–46.2) | 7.8% (7.6–8) | 11.0% (10.8–11.2) | 9.5% (9.3–9.6) |
| p for difference | 0.0003 | 0.0010 | <0.0001 | 0.0058 | 0.9832 | 0.0663 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Widowed, divorced, and unmarried | 53.5% (52.8–54.2) | 52.8% (52.3–53.2) | 53.0% (52.6–53.4) | 10.2% (9.7–10.6) | 13.0% (12.7–13.4) | 12.1% (11.8–12.4) |
| Married | 42.1% (41.7–42.4) | 46.1% (45.7–46.5) | 43.9% (43.7–44.2) | 7.3% (7.1–7.5) | 9.5% (9.3–9.7) | 8.3% (8.2–8.5) |
| p for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Living status | ||||||
| Living alone | 71.7% (70.9–72.5) | 53.6% (52.8–54.3) | 60.8% (60.3–61.4) | 13.3% (12.7–13.9) | 13.3% (12.8–13.8) | 13.3% (12.9–13.7) |
| Not living alone | 40.8% (40.4–41.1) | 46.9% (46.5–47.2) | 43.9% (43.7–44.1) | 7.3% (7.1–7.5) | 10.5% (10.3–10.7) | 9.0% (8.8–9.1) |
| p for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Economic status | ||||||
| Poor | 52.5% (51.9–53.1) | 55.8% (55.2–56.4) | 54.2% (53.8–54.6) | 12.3% (11.9–12.7) | 17.0% (16.6–17.5) | 14.8% (14.5–15.1) |
| Adequate | 42.4% (42–42.8) | 46.9% (46.5–47.3) | 44.8% (44.5–45) | 6.8% (6.6–7) | 9.5% (9.3–9.7) | 8.2% (8.1–8.4) |
| Rich | 35.1% (34.4–35.8) | 40.6% (39.9–41.4) | 38.0% (37.5–38.5) | 4.9% (4.6–5.3) | 7.1% (6.7–7.5) | 6.1% (5.8–6.3) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Medical insurance | ||||||
| No | 43.2% (40–46.5) | 50.5% (47.3–53.6) | 46.9% (44.7–49.2) | 8.7% (6.9–10.5) | 12.4% (10.3–14.5) | 10.6% (9.2–12) |
| Yes | 43.8% (43.5–44.2) | 48.1% (47.8–48.4) | 46.1% (45.8–46.3) | 7.9% (7.7–8.1) | 11.0% (10.8–11.2) | 9.5% (9.4–9.6) |
| p for difference | 0.7174 | 0.1417 | 0.4922 | 0.3749 | 0.1713 | 0.1085 |
| Convenience of medical expense reimbursement | ||||||
| Inconvenience | 47.4% (46.2–48.7) | 54.1% (52.9–55.4) | 50.8% (49.9–51.7) | 11.1% (10.3–12) | 15.8% (14.8–16.7) | 13.5% (12.9–14.1) |
| Still acceptable | 45.6% (44.9–46.4) | 49.2% (48.5–49.9) | 47.5% (47–48) | 8.1% (7.7–8.5) | 11.3% (10.8–11.7) | 9.8% (9.5–10.1) |
| Convenience | 43.1% (42.7–43.5) | 47.4% (47.1–47.8) | 45.4% (45.1–45.6) | 7.6% (7.4–7.8) | 10.5% (10.3–10.7) | 9.1% (9–9.3) |
| p for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| ADL disability | ||||||
| Yes | 27.5% (26.1–29) | 26.7% (25.5–27.9) | 27.0% (26.1–28) | 70.3% (68.8–71.8) | 71.1% (69.8–72.3) | 70.7% (69.8–71.7) |
| No | 44.6% (44.3–44.9) | 49.4% (49.1–49.7) | 47.1% (46.9–47.3) | 5.6% (5.5–5.8) | 8.0% (7.9–8.2) | 6.9% (6.8–7) |
| p for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| ≥2 | 75.0% (74.6–75.4) | 62.2% (61.8–62.6) | 67.8% (67.5–68.1) | 16.4% (16–16.7) | 17.0% (16.7–17.3) | 16.7% (16.5–16.9) |
| <2 | 21.5% (21.2–21.9) | 28.9% (28.5–29.3) | 25.1% (24.8–25.3) | 1.5% (1.4–1.6) | 2.5% (2.3–2.6) | 1.9% (1.9–2) |
| p for difference | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
ADL, activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval.