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. 2023 Jan 12;1:1009399. doi: 10.3389/fnimg.2022.1009399

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Copyright © 2023 Levinson, Miller, Iftekhar, Justo, Arriola, Wei, Hazany, Avecillas-Chasin, Kuhn, Horn and Bari.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of key brainstem-cortex circuits. DLPFC, dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; INSULA, insular cortex; AMY, amygdala; HIPPO, hippocampus; VTA, ventral tegmental area; PAG, periaqueductal grey; DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus; LC, locus coeruleus; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarius; Pb, parabrachial nucleus; NE, norepinephrine; DA, dopamine; 5-HT, serotonin.