Table 7. Subtypes of acute HF.

	Acute decompensated HF	Acute pulmonary edema	Isolated RV failure	Cardiogenic shock
Mechanism	LV dysfunction	Increased afterload	RV dysfunction	Severe cardiac dysfunction
	Abnormal salt and/or water retention	Diastolic dysfunction
		Valvular heart disease
Cause of symptoms	Increased intracardiac filling pressure	Pulmonary fluid redistribution	Increased CVP	Systemic hypoperfusion
	Fluid accumulation		Low RV output
Hemodynamic profile	Normal or low BP	Normal or high BP	Low BP	Low BP
	Increased LVEDP and PCWP	Increased LVEDP and PCWP	Normal or low LVEDP but high RVEDP	Increased or normal LVEDP and PCWP
	Normal or low CO	Normal or high CO	Low CO	Low CO
Treatment	Diuretics	Diuretics	Diuretics	Inotropes/vasopressor
	Inotropes/vasopressor	Vasodilator	Inotropes/vasopressor	MCS
	MCS or RRT		MCS or RRT	RRT

BP = blood pressure; CO = cardiac output; CVP = central venous pressure; HF = heart failure; LV = left ventricular; LVEDP = left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; MCS = mechanical circulatory support; PCWP = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; RRT = renal replacement therapy; RV = right ventricular; RVEDP = right ventricular end-diastolic pressure.

Adapted from McDonagh et al.⁶⁾ with the permission of the European Society of Cardiology.