. 2023 Jul 28;12(7):1079–1089. doi: 10.21037/tau-22-684

Table 3. Univariate analysis of factors associated with PFS and OS in the serum sample cohort.

Covariate	Level	PFS			OS
Covariate	Level	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Diabetes	Yes	0.82	0.50–1.35	0.44	1.38	0.83–2.30	0.21
Diabetes	No	Reference	–	0.44	Reference	–	0.21
Obesity	Yes	1.34	0.83–2.17	0.23	0.69	0.40–1.18	0.18
Obesity	No	Reference	–	0.23	Reference	–	0.18
Opioid medications	Yes	1.49	0.90–2.48	0.12	1.27	0.73–2.20	0.40
Opioid medications	No	Reference	–	0.12	Reference	–	0.40
Other cancer diagnoses	Yes	0.80	0.45–1.41	0.43	0.73	0.40–1.36	0.33
Other cancer diagnoses	No	Reference	–	0.43	Reference	–	0.33
Received surgery	Yes	0.30	0.18–0.50	<0.01	0.28	0.16–0.49	<0.01
Received surgery	No	Reference	–	<0.01	Reference	–	<0.01
Received chemotherapy	Yes	1.04	0.56–1.94	0.90	0.80	0.43–1.52	0.50
Received chemotherapy	No	Reference	–	0.90	Reference	–	0.50
Received radiation therapy	Yes	0.68	0.42–1.12	0.13	0.80	0.43–1.52	0.03
Received radiation therapy	No	Reference	–	0.13	Reference	–	0.03
Stage at diagnosis	I	Reference	–	<0.01	Reference	–	<0.01
	II	1.71	0.85–3.43		1.58	0.75–3.33
	III	2.36	1.00–5.56		3.28	1.32–8.15
	IV	6.52	2.76–15.42		8.04	3.27–19.72
Metastatic disease at diagnosis	Yes	3.89	2.06–7.34	<0.01	4.64	2.41–8.92	<0.01
Metastatic disease at diagnosis	No	Reference	–	<0.01	Reference	–	<0.01
Low testosterone (<300 ng/dL)	Yes	0.87	0.54–1.41	0.56	1.06	0.64–1.76	0.81
Low testosterone (<300 ng/dL)	No	Reference	–	0.56	Reference	–	0.81
Age at diagnosis (years)	Units =1	1.00	0.98–1.02	0.94	1.00	0.97–1.03	0.99
Measured total serum level (ng/dL)	Units =1	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.93	1.00	1.00–0.51	>0.99

PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.