Table 4. Multivariate predictors of readmissions of heart failure patients.
| Variables | 30-day readmission | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR | 95% CI | p value | |||
| LL | UL | ||||
| Age | 0.987 | 0.985 | 0.989 | <0.001 | |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | Referent | ||||
| Male* | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.10 | 0.026 | |
| Median household income (percentile)† | |||||
| 0–25* | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.30 | <0.001 | |
| 26–50 | 1.010 | 0.943 | 1.083 | 0.771 | |
| 51–75 | 1.009 | 0.941 | 1.082 | 0.794 | |
| 76–100 | Referent | ||||
| Admission type | |||||
| Elective | Referent | ||||
| Non-elective* | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.031 | |
| Day of admission | |||||
| Weekday | Referent | ||||
| Weekend | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.09 | 0.275 | |
| Bed size of hospital‡ | |||||
| Small | Referent | ||||
| Medium | 0.995 | 0.933 | 1.061 | 0.879 | |
| Large | 0.995 | 0.940 | 1.054 | 0.875 | |
| Teaching status of hospital§ | |||||
| Non-metropolitan hospital | Referent | ||||
| Metropolitan non-teaching* | 1.14 | 1.05 | 1.23 | 0.002 | |
| Metropolitan teaching* | 1.16 | 1.08 | 1.25 | <0.001 | |
| Expected primary payer | |||||
| Medicare | Referent | ||||
| Medicaid | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 0.054 | |
| Private insurance | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.76 | <0.001 | |
| Self-pay | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.78 | <0.001 | |
| No charge | 1.21 | 0.78 | 1.86 | 0.392 | |
| Other | 0.88 | 0.75 | 1.03 | 0.114 | |
| Comorbidities∥ | |||||
| Hypertension | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.06 | 0.899 | |
| Diabetes | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 0.165 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.04 | 0.551 | |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter* | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.21 | <0.001 | |
| PVD | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.16 | 0.246 | |
| Prior CAD | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.164 | |
| Prior TIA/Stroke | 0.99 | 0.92 | 1.07 | 0.851 | |
| Prior CABG | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.10 | 0.665 | |
| Prior PCI | 1.13 | 0.90 | 1.43 | 0.294 | |
| FH of CAD | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 0.899 | |
| COPD* | 1.16 | 1.10 | 1.22 | <0.001 | |
| CKD* | 1.17 | 1.10 | 1.24 | <0.001 | |
| Obesity | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.89 | <0.001 | |
| OSA | 0.94 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 0.089 | |
| Anemia* | 1.25 | 1.19 | 1.32 | <0.001 | |
| Tobacco | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 0.865 | |
| Alcohol | 0.95 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.286 | |
| CCI¶ | |||||
| 1 | Referent | ||||
| 2 | 1.04 | 0.96 | 1.12 | 0.333 | |
| ≥3* | 1.29 | 1.19 | 1.39 | <0.001 | |
| Disposition | |||||
| Home | Referent | ||||
| Facility/Others* | 1.27 | 1.20 | 1.34 | <0.001 | |
| Length of stay* | 1.006 | 1.003 | 1.008 | <0.001 | |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit; PVD = peripheral vascular disease; CAD = coronary artery disease; TIA = transient ischemic attack; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; FH = family history; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD = chronic kidney disease; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; CCI = Charlson comorbidity index.
*Significant predictors of readmission.
†Represents a quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents within the patient’s zip code, https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/zipinc_qrtl/nrdnote.jsp.
‡The bed size cutoff points divided into small, medium, and large have been done so that approximately one-third of the hospitals in a given region, location, and teaching status combination would fall within each bed size category, https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_bedsize/nrdnote.jsp.
§A hospital is considered to be a teaching hospital if it has an American Medical Association-approved residency program, https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/vars/hosp_ur_teach/nrdnote.jsp.
∥International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes were utilized to identify respective co-morbidities as per Supplementary Table 1.
¶CCI/Deyo comorbidity index was calculated as per Deyo classification.