FIGURE 1.

Rice–Vannucci model of HIE and sample collection schedule. HIE: Sprague Dawley rat pups (7 days of age) underwent ligation of the left carotid artery, recovered with their dam for 1 h, then were exposed to hypoxia (8% oxygen for 120 min). Control: no surgery or anesthesia. Treatments: Pups were treated with PBM by 670 nm red light for 5 days or 10 mg/kg caffeine for 3 days, or received both treatments, starting immediately following the HIE procedure. Sample collection: Weights were collected daily. Urine was collected prior to HIE intervention on D0, post intervention on D1‐3, and at sacrifice, D7. Kidneys were collected on D7.