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Electron microscopy images of kidneys from rat pups on Day 7 following HIE intervention. Compared to control animals (a), significant changes to the glomerular basement membrane were observed in pups receiving HIE with no treatment (b), while only minor changes were noted in pups receiving either PBM (c) or caffeine alone (d), but not in combination (e). Panels depict representative images of n = 3–6 pups/group. Scale bar = 2μm.
