Table 1.

Thermophysical⁴⁶ properties of base fluid and nanoparticles.

Physical properties	Density (kg m−3)	Specific heat (J kg−1 K)	Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K)	Thermal expansion (K−1)
Water	997	4179	0.614	21 × 10−5
Copper (s1)	8933	385	400	1.67 × 10−5
Aluminum oxide (s2)	3970	765	40	0.85 × 10−5
Titanium oxide (s3)	4250	686	8.96	0.90 × 10−5