Table 1.
Completed clinical trials of autophagy for PDAC.
| Year | Study types | Number of patients | PDAC types | Treatment | Survival outcomes | Efficacy-related conclusions | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | Phase II clinical trial | 20 | Metastatic | HCQ | PFS at 2 months: 10% | Inconsistent autophagy inhibition; negligible clinical effect | [117] |
| 2015 | Phase I/II clinical trial | 35 | Resectable | HCQ + GEM | OS (months): 34.83 (HCQ) vs. 12.27 (controls) | Well tolerated; adverse outcomes unrelated to p53 | [118] |
| 2015 | Phase I clinical trial | 14 | Advanced or Metastatic | HCQ + GEM/NP | Median PFS: 6.4 months | Well tolerated | [119] |
| 2017 | Phase I clinical trial | 9 | Unresectable or metastatic | CQ + GEM | Median OS: 7.6 months | Well tolerated; good clinical effect | [120] |
| 2019 | Phase I/II clinical trial | 119 | Advanced or metastatic | HCQ + GEM/NP | OS at 1 year: 41% (HCQ) vs. 49% (controls) | Unimproved 12-month OS | [121] |
| 2020 | Phase II clinical trial | 64 | Potentially resectable tumors | HCQ + GEM/NP | Improved histopathological response; unimproved OS and RFS | Greater tumor pathological response | [122] |
CQ chloroquine, GEM gemcitabine, HCQ hydroxychloroquine, NP nab-paclitaxel, OS overall survival, PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PFS progression-free survival, RFS recurrence-free survival.