Table 3.
MR image performance metrics by confounding factors. n = number of studies (*series). The p-value for the median chi-square is provided to determine if a significant difference in accuracy is found for each confounding factor. **124 studies did not have institution information. ***137 series did not have any of the preset sequence tags. Due to the small number of cases, the performance metrics and confidence interval are not reliable for “In and Out of Phase”
| Category | n (%) | F1 (95% CI) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institution | Primary care hospital | 435 (54.9) | 92.4 (92.0–92.) | 92.4 (92.1–92.8) | 99.2 (99.1–99.2) | 9.7e − 16 |
| Community hospital | 164 (20.7) | 90.9 (90.3–91.5) | 91.0 (90.4–91.5) | 98.5 (98.4–98.7) | ||
| Imaging center | 69 (8.7) | 93.8 (92.8–94.8) | 93.9 (92.8–94.8) | 99.6 (99.6–99.7) | ||
| Unknown** | 124 (15.7) | 94.6 (93.6–95.5) | 94.4 (93.5–95.4) | 99.3 (99.1–99.5) | ||
| Age | 18–44 years | 207 (26.1) | 95.7 (95.3–96.2) | 95.8 (95.3–96.2) | 99.6 (99.6–99.7) | 2.1e − 29 |
| 45–64 years | 334 (42.2) | 91.3 (90.9–91.8) | 91.4 (90.9–91.8) | 99.2 (99.2–99.3) | ||
| ≥ 65 years | 251 (31.7) | 90.9 (90.5–91.4) | 90.9 (90.5–91.4) | 98.7 (98.6–98.8) | ||
| Sex | Female | 434 (56.1) | 92.0 (91.6–92.3) | 92.0 (91.6–92.3) | 99.1 (99.0–99.1) | 0.014 |
| Male | 339 (43.9) | 92.5 (92.1–93.0) | 92.6 (92.2–93.0) | 99.3 (99.2–99.3) | ||
| Manufacturer | GE | 131 (16.5) | 90.3 (89.7–91.0) | 90.3 (89.7–91.0) | 98.1 (97.9–98.3) | 6.4e − 21 |
| Hitachi | 6 (0.8) | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Philips | 40 (5.0) | 95.1 (94.3–95.8) | 95.1 (94.3–95.8) | 98.7 (98.5––99.0) | ||
| Siemens | 565 (71.2) | 93.0 (92.7–93.3) | 93.0 (92.7–93.3) | 99.4 (99.4–99.4) | ||
| Toshiba | 50 (6.3) | 93.4 (92.1–94.7) | 93.4 (92.1–94.7) | 99.6 (99.4–99.7) | ||
| Contrast* | With contrast | 343 (16.0) | 91.9 (91.3–92.6) | 91.9 (91.3–92.6) | 98.8 (98.7–98.9) | 0.115 |
| Without contrast | 1805 (84.0) | 92.3 (92.0–92.5) | 92.3 (92.0–92.6) | 99.2 (99.2–99.3) | ||
| Slice thickness* | ≤ 2 mm | 114 (5.3) | 98.7 (98.1–99.1) | 98.7 (98.2–99.1) | 99.9 (99.9–100.0) | 2.4e − 27 |
| > 2 mm and < 5 mm | 1472 (68.5) | 91.9 (91.5–92.3) | 91.9 (91.6–92.3) | 99.2 (99.2–99.3) | ||
| ≥ 5 mm | 562 (26.2) | 91.5 (91.0–92.0) | 91.5 (91.0–92.0) | 98.7 (98.6–98.8) | ||
| MRI Sequence* | Image weighting | 1499 (69.8) | 93.1 (92.8–93.5) | 93.1 (92.8–93.5) | 99.6 (99.6–99.6) | 5.0e − 116 |
| Spin echo | 63 (2.9) | 92.0 (90.3–93.5) | 92.0 (90.3–93.6) | 96.2 (95.2–97.2) | ||
| Gradient echo | 246 (11.5) | 90.2 (89.6–91.0) | 90.3 (89.7–91.0) | 97.0 (96.8–97.3) | ||
| Inversion recovery | 116 (5.4) | 94.5 (93.3–95.7) | 94.5 (93.3–95.7) | 99.6 (99.5–99.7) | ||
| MRA | 39 (1.8) | 94.9 (92.9–96.7) | 94.8 (92.8–96.6) | 97.2 (96.0–98.2) | ||
| In and Out of Phase | 14 (0.7) | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Diffusion | 34 (1.6) | 82.2 (79.3–83.6) | 82.3 (80.2–84.3) | 90.1 (88.7–91.4) | ||
| Unknown*** | 137 (6.4) | 94.2 (93.6–94.8) | 94.1 (93.5–94.7) | 97.9 (97.6–98.2) |