Figure 2.

Ancestry composition of the Sicilian wolf

(A) Outgroup f₃-statistics of the form f₃(Andean fox; Sic1, X), showing the genetic affinity between the Sicilian wolf (Sic1) and other dogs and wolves (X). Names are indicated for the samples with the highest affinity to the Sicilian wolves (highest f₃). Error bars correspond to 3.3 standard errors estimated through a block jackknife approach. Corresponding plots for the other Sicilian wolf genomes are shown in Figure S3.

(B) D-statistic tests of the form D(Sic1, Italian wolf, H3, Andean fox) (x axis), and D(Sic7, Italian wolf, H3, Andean fox) (y axis), where H3 corresponds to different groups of dogs and wolves. Each point corresponds to a different test where H3 varies. Error bars correspond to 3.3 standard errors estimated through a block jackknife approach. All tests yielded significant results (Z score >3.3) suggesting gene flow between the Sicilian wolf and the corresponding dog in each test. A dotted line indicates the identity line, with points above the line showing tests where the Sicilian wolf 7 had higher affinity to H3 compared to Sicilian wolf 1.

(C) TreeMix admixture graph incorporating 3 migration edges (arrows): from ancient southern European dogs into the Sicilian wolf, from a Mesolithic Swedish dog (C89) into the Alaskan Malamute, and from the Middle eastern dog into ancient southern European dogs. The corresponding TreeMix residuals are shown in Figure S5.