Table 1.
The effect of F. nucleatum on immune cells from different studies
| Cell type | Model | Effect of F. nucleatum | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Human peripheral blood lymphocyte cells | Inhibition | Via altered DNA, RNA and protein synthesis | (Ref. 105) |
| Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | Reduction | Induction of apoptotic cell death | (Ref. 106) | |
| CD3 + T lymphocytes | Human T lymphocyte cell line | Inhibition of replication | Prevented from entering the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle | (Ref. 107) |
| Human T lymphocyte cell line | Reduction | Cell death induced via Fap2 and RadD proteins | (Ref. 108) | |
| Human CRC tumour tissue | Reduction | Unknown | (Ref. 109) | |
| CD4 + T lymphocytes | Murine CRC model | No change | Unknown | (Ref. 85) |
| Human CRC tumour tissue | Reduction | Via a reduced expression of T lymphocyte developmental protein TOX | (Ref. 110) | |
| CRC lymphocyte cell line | Inhibition | The interaction of the human TIGIT and Fap2 | (Ref. 111) | |
| Human CD4+ cells | Inhibition | F. nucleatum activates CEACAM1 | (Ref. 112) | |
| Human CD4+ cells | Inhibition | F. nucleatum binds to and activates CEACAM1 via CbpF | (Ref. 113) | |
| Murine BC model | Reduction | Unknown | (Ref. 64) | |
| Human OSCC tumour tissue | Reduction | Unknown | (Ref. 59) | |
| T-regulatory lymphocytes (TREGS) | Human ESCC tumour tissue | Increase | Unknown | (Ref. 62) |
| Human intestine tissue and mouse models | Increase | F. nucleatum stimulates Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 | (Ref. 114) | |
| TH17T lymphocytes | Murine CRC model | Increase | Via a FFAR2 (SCFA receptor) dependent manner | (Ref. 115) |
| CD8+ T lymphocytes | Murine CRC model | No change | Unknown | (Ref. 85) |
| CRC lymphocyte cell line | Inhibition | The interaction of the human TIGIT and Fap2 | (Ref. 111) | |
| Human CD8+ cells | Inhibition | F. nucleatum activates CEACAM1 | (Ref. 112) | |
| Murine BC model | Reduction | Unknown | (Ref. 64) | |
| Human ESCC tumour tissue and cell line | Inhibition | F. nucleatum stimulates the CD8+ cell surface inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 expression | (Ref. 116) | |
| B lymphocytes | Human OSCC tumour tissue | Reduction | Unknown | (Ref. 59) |
| Natural killer cells | Murine model | Reduced colonic NK cell activity and frequency | Unknown | (Ref. 117) |
| CRC natural killer cell line | Inhibition | The interaction of the human TIGIT and Fap2 | (Ref. 111) | |
| Human NK cells | Inhibition | F. nucleatum activates CEACAM1 | (Ref. 112) | |
| Macrophages | Human OSCC tumour tissue | Reduction in M2 macrophages | Unknown | (Ref. 59) |
| Mouse and human CRC tumour tissue and cultured macrophages | Promotes M2 polarisation | via a TLR4/IL-6/p-STAT3/c-MYC pathway | (Ref. 83) | |
| Human CRC tumour tissue | Increase | Unknown | (Ref. 118) | |
| Human CRC tumour tissue and patient faeces | Increased macrophage infiltration and M2 polarisation | Via CCL20 activation | (Ref. 119) | |
| Human CRC tumour tissue | Promotes M2 polarisation | F. nucleatum activates the TLR4/NF-κB/S100A9 cascade | (Ref. 120) | |
| Macrophage cell line | Promotes M1 polarisation | AI-2 activates the TNFSF9/IL-1β pathway | (Ref. 121) |
AI-2; autoinducer-2, BC; breast cancer, CbpF; chlorine-binding protein; CCL20, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20; CD, cluster of differentiation; CEACAM1, CEA cell adhesion molecule 1; c-MYC, cellular-MYC; CRC, colorectal cancer; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; ESCC, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; FFAR2, free fatty acid receptor 2; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; KIR2DL1, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NK, natural killer cell; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; p-STAT3, phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; S100A9, S100 calcium-binding protein A9; TIGIT, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TNFSF9, tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 9; TOX, thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein.