Table 4.
Representative Cohort Studies with Brain MRI Data.
| Study | MRI Data | Non-MRI Data | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main purpose of brain MRI acquisition | MRI acquisition context | (Approximate) number scanned | Location/sites | Frequency/interval/maximum duration | Age range (years) | Ethnic diversity | Lifestyle/health history, PE, lab tests | Genetics | Other Brain imaging measures and relevant nonbrain imaging measures | Psychological profiling | Cognitive profiling | Linked medical records | |
| TMM Brain MRI Study (this study) | To determine relations to dementia and other neuropsychological disorders; to support genetic and biomarker research | Addon study | 12,000 | Japan (one prefecture1, one center) | Longitudinal, Almost 5-year intervals | 20-85 | >99% Japanese | Yes2 | Array (all); WGS (underway) | Retinal imaging, blood samples | Yes | Yes (older adults only) | No |
| UK Biobank Imaging Study (34), (67), (71), and (72) | To determine relations with dementia And other neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders; to support genetic and biomarker research |
Substudy | 100,000 | UK (entire country) | Longitudinal, variable intervals for subsets | 40-69 | High | Yes3 | All | Retinal imaging, blood samples | Yes, limited | Yes (screening) | Yes |
| North American Alzheimer’s Diseases Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (64) | To understand the progression of Alzheimer’s disease | Standalone study | 2424 | Most US states and Canada (~60 centers) | Longitudinal, 3-12-month intervals (up to 36 months) | 50+ (almost all ≥55) | Caucasian (>90%); Hispanic, Black | Yes (limited) | WGS (subset) | Amyloids and tau PET; CSF (subset, blood samples) | No | Yes (extensive AD-related) | No |
| Japanese ADNI (J-ADNI) (68) | To understand the progression of Alzheimer’s disease | Standalone study | 537 | Japan (approx. 8 centers) | Longitudinal, 6-12-month intervals (up to 36 months) | 60-84 | >99% Japanese | Yes (limited) | Yes | Amyloids and tau PET; CSF (subset, blood samples) | No | Yes (extensive AD-related) | No |
| Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through | To assess age-related changes and the relationship to psychiatric disorders | Primary measures for most working groups | >100,0004 | 45 countries, many centers | Mixed cross-sectional/longitudinal, variable interval | 0-97 | Very high | Yes (extensive, content differs by project focus) | Yes | EEG, MEG, MRS | Variable: extensive for some projects | Limited | No |
| Meta-analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium (69), and (70) | |||||||||||||
Notes:
Parenthesized numerical references correspond to bibliographic citations elsewhere in the manuscript.
AD: Alzheimer’s disease; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; EEG: electroencephalography; MEG: magnetoencephalography; MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PE: physical exam; PET: positron emission tomography; WGS: whole genome sequencing.
1 A prefecture in Japan is similar to a state in the USA or a shire in the UK.
2 Available from TMM CommCohort and TMM BirThree Cohort Study baseline visits.
3 More extensive for some participants than others.
4 Varied by participant type (no diagnosis, various psychiatric disorders)