Table 6. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis of risk factors associated with disease-free survival and overall survival for patients with rPSNs and patients with solid nodules.
| Variables | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | P value | 95% CI | HR | P value | 95% CI | ||
| Disease-free survival | |||||||
| Smoking history (presence) | 0.595 | 0.124 | 0.307, 1.154 | ||||
| Preoperative CEA level (>3.4 μg/L) | 2.098 | 0.006 | 1.231, 3.578 | ||||
| Tumor location | 0.035 | 0.001 | |||||
| LUL | |||||||
| LLL | 1.116 | 0.78 | 0.517, 2.407 | 1.239 | 0.594 | 0.564, 2.720 | |
| RUL | 0.653 | 0.311 | 0.286, 1.489 | 0.885 | 0.774 | 0.385, 2.036 | |
| RML | 2.576 | 0.025 | 1.129, 5.877 | 5.187 | <0.001 | 2.163, 12.438 | |
| RLL | 0.912 | 0.838 | 0.378, 2.201 | 1.151 | 0.758 | 0.471, 2.811 | |
| Classification | |||||||
| rPSN | |||||||
| Solid | 1.471 | 0.188 | 0.828, 2.612 | ||||
| Pleural indentation sign (presence) | 1.496 | 0.158 | 0.856, 2.615 | ||||
| CTR | 6.389 | 0.017 | 1.395, 29.269 | ||||
| Anatomical structure (Peripheral type) | 0.44 | 0.081 | 0.175, 1.106 | ||||
| MPSOL ≥1% (presence) | 2.922 | <0.001 | 1.710, 4.993 | ||||
| VPI (presence) | 2.777 | <0.001 | 1.628, 4.738 | ||||
| LVI (presence) | 4.397 | <0.001 | 2.417, 7.998 | ||||
| Pathological tumor size | 1.245 | 0.223 | 0.875, 1.773 | ||||
| Pathologic N stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| N0 | |||||||
| N1 | 7.679 | <0.001 | 3.778, 15.611 | 8.406 | <0.001 | 4.079, 17.322 | |
| N2 | 9.27 | <0.001 | 4.995, 17.205 | 11.691 | <0.001 | 6.086, 22.458 | |
| Overall survival | |||||||
| Smoking history (presence) | 0.439 | 0.091 | 0.169, 1.141 | ||||
| Preoperative CEA level (>3.4 μg/L) | 2.072 | 0.039 | 1.036, 4.143 | ||||
| Tumor location | 0.113 | 0.053 | |||||
| LUL | |||||||
| LLL | 0.59 | 0.299 | 0.218, 1.596 | 0.604 | 0.33 | 0.219, 1.666 | |
| RUL | 0.311 | 0.046 | 0.099, 0.977 | 0.436 | 0.161 | 0.137, 1.390 | |
| RML | 1.545 | 0.391 | 0.571, 4.179 | 2.503 | 0.08 | 0.896, 6.989 | |
| RLL | 0.656 | 0.434 | 0.228, 1.887 | 0.756 | 0.609 | 0.259, 2.209 | |
| Classification | |||||||
| rPSN | |||||||
| Solid | 1.692 | 0.181 | 0.783, 3.657 | ||||
| Pleural indentation (presence) | 1.75 | 0.142 | 0.829, 3.697 | ||||
| Lobulation sign (presence) | 1.588 | 0.199 | 0.784, 3.216 | ||||
| CTR | 9.147 | 0.044 | 1.064, 78.643 | ||||
| MPSOL ≥1% (presence) | 2.843 | 0.003 | 1.420, 5.694 | ||||
| VPI (presence) | 2.646 | 0.006 | 1.323, 5.292 | ||||
| LVI (presence) | 3.279 | 0.004 | 1.472, 7.302 | ||||
| Pathological tumor size | 1.331 | 0.212 | 0.849, 2.086 | ||||
| Pathologic N stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| N0 | |||||||
| N1 | 5.961 | <0.001 | 2.309, 15.384 | 6.659 | <0.001 | 2.544, 17.427 | |
| N2 | 8.146 | <0.001 | 3.695, 17.960 | 8.421 | <0.001 | 3.722, 19.049 | |
rPSNs, real part-solid nodules; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; LUL, left upper lobe; LLL, left lower lobe; RUL, right upper lobe; RML, right middle lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; rPSN, real part-solid ground-glass nodule; CTR, consolidation tumor ratio; MPSOL, micropapillary and solid; VPI, visceral pleural invasion; LVI, lymphatic vessel invasion.