Table 2.
Results of univariate multiple linear regression analyses regarding the association between ghrelin serum levels and YFAS sum scores reflecting the intensity of food addiction in participants of the study.
| Variables | Regression coefficient β (95% CI) | Standardized β | t | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| YFAS sum scores in the total sample (N = 909) Corrected R2 = 0.089; F = 10.88; p < 0.001*** | ||||
| Intercept | 0.431 (−0.063; 0.925) | --- | 1.713 | 0.087+ |
| Ghrelin serum levels | −0.00008 (−0.00021; 0.00004) | −0.043 | −1.293 | 0.196 |
| Age | −0.008 (−0.012; −0.005) | −0.163 | −4.670 | 3.5*10 −6 *** |
| Sex | 0.118 (0.0002; 0.237) | 0.070 | 1.966 | 0.0496* |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.002 (−0.001; 0.005) | 0.046 | 1.333 | 0.183 |
| Smoking Status | 0.035 (−0.041; 0.110) | 0.030 | 0.899 | 0.369 |
| BMI | 0.036 (0.023; 0.049) | 0.193 | 5.508 | 4.7*10 −8 *** |
| Cortisol concentration | −0.00004 (−0.0003; 0.0002) | −0.009 | −0.250 | 0.803 |
| CES-D sum score | 0.019 (0.009; 0.030) | 0.141 | 3.661 | 0.00027*** |
| GAD-7 sum score | 0.027 (0.003; 0.050) | 0.087 | 2.257 | 0.024 * |
| Men (n = 530) Corrected R2 = 0.109; F = 9.08; p < 0.001*** | ||||
| Intercept | 0.355 (−0.245; 0.956) | --- | 1.163 | 0.245 |
| Ghrelin serum levels | −0.00015 (−0.00035; 0.00005) | −0.063 | −1.496 | 0.135 |
| Age | −0.008 (−0.012; −0.005) | −0.185 | −4.250 | 2.5*10−5*** |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.00008 (−0.003; 0.003) | 0.002 | 0.047 | 0.962 |
| Smoking Status | 0.045 (−0.040; 0.129) | 0.043 | 1.030 | 0.303 |
| BMI | 0.048 (0.031; 0.065) | 0.256 | 5.614 | 3.2*10−8*** |
| Cortisol concentration | −0.0001 (−0.0006; 0.0003) | −0.023 | −0.539 | 0.590 |
| CES-D sum score | 0.018 (0.004; 0.033) | 0.127 | 2.582 | 0.010 ** |
| GAD-7 sum score | 0.027 (−0.001; 0.055) | 0.092 | 1.874 | 0.061+ |
| Women (n = 379) Corrected R2 = 0.074; F = 4.78; p < 0.001*** | ||||
| Intercept | 0.875 (0.062; 1.688) | --- | 2.117 | 0.035* |
| Ghrelin serum levels | −0.00006 (−0.00024; 0.00011) | −0.035 | −0.684 | 0.494 |
| Age | −0.008 (−0.015; −0.001) | −0.141 | −2.381 | 0.018 * |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.013 (0.003; 0.023) | 0.136 | 2.662 | 0.008 ** |
| Smoking Status | 0.004 (−0.139; 0.148) | 0.003 | 0.059 | 0.953 |
| BMI | 0.027 (0.007; 0.048) | 0.146 | 2.660 | 0.008 ** |
| Cortisol concentration | −0.00009 (−0.0005; 0.0003) | −0.025 | −0.431 | 0.667 |
| CES-D sum score | 0.018 (0.002; 0.034) | 0.136 | 2.248 | 0.025 * |
| GAD-7 sum score | 0.033 (−0.006; 0.073) | 0.103 | 1.680 | 0.094 |
b, Regression coefficient; β, Standardized regression coefficient; BMI, Body Mass Index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (49, 50); CI, confidence interval; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (51, 52); N/n, sample sizes; YFAS, Yale Food Addiction Scale (39). *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001. Significant findings were marked in bold.