TABLE 4.
Nutritional, inflammatory, and immunologic biomarkers at baseline and endline, and differences between baseline and endline, across vitamin D and zinc treatment supplementation groups
| Vitamin D |
No vitamin D |
P value | Zinc |
No zinc |
P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | |||
| Baseline | ||||||||||
| Nutritional biomarkers | ||||||||||
| Calcium, mg/dL | 88 | 8.8 (8.4–9.3) | 86 | 8.9 (8.3–9.3) | 88 | 8.8 (8.4–9.4) | 86 | 8.9 (8.4–9.2) | ||
| Zinc, ug/dL | 88 | 469.4 (422.3–574.7) | 89 | 522.9 (458.6–596.1) | 90 | 496.8 (441.9–594.9) | 87 | 492.7 (448.3–576.6) | ||
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 88 | 18.2 (10.6–30.0) | 85 | 23.5 (11.4–29.3) | 87 | 23.1 (10.7–33.4) | 86 | 17.8 (11.0–27.6) | ||
| Inflammatory and immunologic biomarkers | ||||||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 86 | 12.7 (5.0–35.5) | 90 | 13.8 (5.4–32.0) | 92 | 13.1 (5.0–39.6) | 84 | 13.7 (5.8–32.7) | ||
| LDH, IU/L | 77 | 240.0 (200.0–304.7) | 77 | 249.0 (199.0–325.0) | 79 | 233.0 (188.6–319.7) | 75 | 249.0 (203.0–321.0) | ||
| D-dimer, ng/ml | 80 | 402.2 (300.5–577.0) | 88 | 451.0 (288.0–756.8) | 89 | 443.0 (321.3–645.8) | 79 | 381.8 (274.4–729.0) | ||
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 79 | 119.8 (54.3–305.0) | 81 | 164.0 (103.0–350.0) | 85 | 161.5 (61.0–346.8) | 75 | 150.8 (52.0–288.0) | ||
| IL-6, pg/ml | 89 | 5.0 (2.7–10.5) | 89 | 5.1 (3.0–10.1) | 91 | 5.3 (3.0–11.1) | 87 | 4.7 (2.3–9.5) | ||
| Ang-2, pg/ml | 88 | 1140.4 (850.6–1594.2) | 90 | 1233.3 (847.8–1714.1) | 90 | 1250.4 (871.8–1778.6) | 88 | 1135.6 (845.1–1522.1) | ||
| sTREM-1, pg/ml | 22 | 150.2 (70.2–174.7) | 26 | 143.5 (26.9–188.6) | 22 | 150.2 (84.6–174.7) | 26 | 137.6 (26.5–226.2) | ||
| IgG, U/mL | 88 | 5.3 (0.4–81.3) | 89 | 7.5 (1.0–94.0) | 90 | 5.6 (0.9–113.9) | 87 | 8.1 (0.4–46.2) | ||
| IgM, U/mL | 88 | 2.8 (1.0–8.2) | 89 | 3.1 (1.1–6.4) | 90 | 3.1 (1.1–7.1) | 87 | 2.9 (1.0–6.6) | ||
| Endline | ||||||||||
| Nutritional biomarkers | ||||||||||
| Calcium, mg/dL | 59 | 9.4 (9.2–9.7) | 65 | 9.5 (9.1–9.8) | 0.998 | 59 | 9.4 (9.2–9.7) | 65 | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) | 0.371 |
| Zinc, ug/dL | 58 | 533.0 (457.5–619.8) | 66 | 534.4 (476.9–611.2) | 0.754 | 58 | 552.1 (463.3–655.2) | 66 | 517.7 (457.6–595.8) | 0.117 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 57 | 26.7 (16.5–32.2) | 63 | 22.0 (14.6–27.7) | 0.034 | 57 | 24.1 (16.1–29.0) | 63 | 22.4 (14.1–31.8) | 0.665 |
| Inflammatory and immunologic biomarkers | ||||||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 60 | 2.3 (0.9 to 5.0) | 66 | 2.2 (1.1 to 5.0) | 0.813 | 58 | 1.8 (0.8 to 5.0) | 68 | 2.4 (1.2 to 5.0) | 0.227 |
| LDH, IU/L | 59 | 194.0 (152.0 to 255.0) | 66 | 206.5 (170.8 to 248.0) | 0.405 | 57 | 203.0 (169.0 to 236.8) | 68 | 199.3 (162.1 to 257.0) | 0.909 |
| D-dimer, ng/ml | 55 | 260.7 (191.1 to 342.0) | 65 | 319.5 (225.3 to 402.2) | 0.042 | 54 | 283.5 (205.1 to 368.6) | 66 | 288.0 (205.1 to 383.1) | 0.918 |
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 57 | 41.2 (16.0 to 91.0) | 65 | 50.0 (22.0 to 110.0) | 0.567 | 57 | 58.9 (23.3 to 111.1) | 65 | 30.0 (15.3 to 107.0) | 0.095 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 53 | 2.7 (0.9 to 5.1) | 61 | 2.6 (1.5 to 5.2) | 0.643 | 53 | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.3) | 61 | 3.2 (1.4 to 5.5) | 0.100 |
| Ang-2, pg/ml | 53 | 1165.0 (760.3 to 1519.8) | 61 | 1006.4 (763.0 to 1581.7) | 0.438 | 53 | 1132.2 (791.3 to 1695.3) | 61 | 992.8 (745.4 to 1478.9) | 0.347 |
| sTREM-1, pg/ml | 22 | 99.9 (80.3 to 129.4) | 26 | 125.4 (93.2 to 174.3) | 0.142 | 22 | 110.7 (83.9 to 129.4) | 26 | 113.3 (92.1 to 216.5) | 0.385 |
| IgG, U/mL | 52 | 30.4 (10.3 to 74.7) | 60 | 47.2 (15.4 to 100.2) | 0.357 | 52 | 47.2 (14.5 to 92.6) | 60 | 30.9 (10.0 to 86.3) | 0.510 |
| IgM, U/mL | 52 | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.7) | 60 | 2.7 (0.8 to 7.1) | 0.704 | 52 | 3.4 (1.5 to 7.3) | 60 | 2.5 (0.8 to 7.1) | 0.536 |
| Difference | ||||||||||
| Nutritional biomarkers | ||||||||||
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 58 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.0) | 62 | 0.7 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.533 | 58 | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | 62 | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.852 |
| Zinc, ug/dL | 57 | 46.1 (–30.8 to 147.8) | 65 | –12.4 (–107.8 to 139.7) | 0.132 | 58 | 59.2 (–60.0 to 161.3) | 64 | 4.3 (–81.9 to 146.0) | 0.353 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 56 | 5.3 (–2.3 to 13.7) | 60 | –1.4 (–5.6 to 3.9) | 0.003 | 56 | –0.6 (–4.9 to 7.9) | 60 | 1.4 (–4.6 to 11.4) | 0.315 |
| Inflammatory and immunologic biomarkers | ||||||||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 57 | –8.2 (–28.2 to –1.3) | 65 | –10.6 (–32.4 to –1.6) | 0.415 | 58 | –8.7 (–33.1 to –1.3) | 64 | –10.3 (–28.9 to –1.5) | 0.802 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 49 | –32.0 (–113.7 to 25.0) | 57 | –35.0 (–108.0 to 11.0) | 0.575 | 49 | –30.0 (–110.0 to 13.0) | 57 | –46.0 (–114.0 to 14.0) | 0.759 |
| D-dimer (ng/ml) | 49 | –106.9 (–386.9 to –35.5) | 63 | –90.4 (–377.1 to –8.8) | 0.790 | 53 | –106.9 (–377.1 to –35.5) | 59 | –89.6 (–418.3 to 3.1) | 0.652 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 50 | –36.7 (–139.0 to –4.0) | 58 | –99.8 (–260.0 to –35.4) | 0.003 | 52 | –66.0 (–179.1 to –8.3) | 56 | –75.8 (–154.6 to –17.5) | 0.537 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 53 | –1.4 (–6.0 to 0.1) | 59 | –0.9 (–4.7 to 0.5) | 0.859 | 53 | –1.8 (–6.0 to –0.2) | 59 | –0.8 (–4.7 to 0.8) | 0.246 |
| Ang-2 (pg/ml) | 52 | 80.4 (–347.3 to 360.7) | 60 | –17.9 (–534.3 to 307.2) | 0.342 | 52 | 127.2 (–206.0 to 435.1) | 60 | –54.9 (–557.8 to 250.7) | 0.046 |
| sTREM-1 (pg/ml) | 22 | –42.3 (–69.3 to 28.4) | 26 | –23.6 (–50.0 to 33.9) | 0.408 | 22 | –43.0 (–69.3 to –1.5) | 26 | –13.5 (–65.5 to 51.4) | 0.379 |
| IgG (U/mL) | 52 | 8.2 (–8.2 to 31.5) | 59 | 5.9 (–12.4 to 35.3) | 0.675 | 52 | 12.0 (–14.3 to 43.1) | 59 | 5.8 (–10.4 to 28.2) | 0.658 |
| IgM (U/mL) | 52 | 0.3 (–1.1 to 2.6) | 59 | 0.0 (–2.5 to 2.9) | 0.741 | 52 | 0.0 (–1.6 to 2.8) | 59 | 0.0 (–2.1 to 3.2) | 0.953 |
P values based on Wilcoxon rank sum tests.
Ang-2, angiopoietin-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; sTREM-1, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1.