Table 1.

Variables used in the model and analysis.

Variable	Description	Source	Observations, n	Mean (SD)	Range
TSGIa	Twitter sentiment geographical index	MITb Sustainable Urbanization Lab and Harvard's Center of Geographical Analysis	5916	0.574 (0.016)	0.633
Policy	Stay-at-home orders (1) or not (0)	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, New York Times, manually collected by authors	5916	0.346 (0.475)	0-1
Cases	Number of new COVID-19 cases reported per day as a proportion of the total population in each state	New York Times	5842	0.003 (0.003)	0-0.019
Deaths	The total number of new deaths from COVID-19 reported, in logarithms	New York Times	5842	0.0001 (0.0002)	0-0.0016
lnElderly	Estimated percent of the population age is 65 years and older, 2016-2020, in logarithms	US Census	5916	2.79 (0.123)	2.405-3.026
Homeless	Homelessness in 2020 as a percentage of the total population of the states	The US Department of Housing and Urban Development	5916	0.001 (0.001)	0.0003-0.009
Medicalcare	Aggregate cost of medical care in 2019, per capita	PolicyMap and Quantitative Innovations	5916	7208.149 (508.305)	5737.715-8462.92
SMEsc	Percent of firms less than 3 years old in 2019	Census Business Dynamics Statistics	5916	18.020 (2.843)	13.23-24.64
Gini	Estimated inequality of household income according to the Gini index, 2016-2020	US Census	5916	0.465 (0.020)	0.42-0.52
lnHospitalbeds	The rate of hospital beds per 1000 people in 2016, in logarithms	Health Resources and Services Administration	5916	1.105 (0.261)	0.641-1.835
lnIncome	Estimated per capita income, 2016-2020, in logarithms	US Census	5916	10.449 (0.154)	10.144-10.979
lnPopulation	Population in 2020, in logarithms	US Census	5916	4.652 (1.520)	0.246-9.330
Sexratio	Estimated ratio of male population to female population, 2016-2020	US Census	5916	97.686 (3.281)	90-109

^aTSGI: Twitter sentiment geographical index.

^bMIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

^cSME: small and medium enterprises.