Table 3.
Multivariable models of restricted mean all-cause survival time through 5 years from time of diagnosis stratified by smoking statusa
| Characteristic | Patients who never smoked | Patients who formerly smoked | Patients who currently smoked | Smoking status comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI)b | Coefficient (95% CI)b | Coefficient (95% CI)b | P interaction | |
| Intercept | 37.0 (28.0 to 45.9) | 33.8 (29.5 to 38.0) | 32.0 (27.3 to 36.7) | |
| Sex | .24 | |||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Male | −4.6 (−7.4 to −1.7) | −2.9 (−4.2 to −1.6) | −3.8 (−5.4 to −2.2) | |
| Race and ethnicity | .79 | |||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Asian | −6.0 (−11.0 to −1.1) | −0.9 (−4.3 to 2.4) | −1.1 (−5.9 to 3.7) | |
| Black | 2.3 (−2.5 to 7.0) | 2.5 (−2.2 to 6.5) | −0.1 (−2.7 to 2.4) | |
| Hispanic | −3.3 (−10.7 to 4.0) | 0.7 (−2.7 to 4.2) | −0.6 (−4.4 to 3.2) | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | −6.2 (−14.6 to 2.3) | 2.2 (−2.2 to 6.5) | 3.5 (−1.5 to 8.5) | |
| Another race/Unknown race | −0.5 (−6.4 to 5.5) | −0.7 (−3.8 to 2.4) | −4.6 (−7.9 to −1.3) | |
| Age at lung cancer diagnosis (years) | .05 | |||
| 75-89 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 40-54 | 8.7 (3.7 to 13.7) | 7.0 (3.2 to 10.8) | 2.3 (−0.9 to 5.5) | |
| 55-64 | 7.7 (4.0 to 11.4) | 3.1 (1.1 to 5.0) | 4.3 (2.0 to 6.7) | |
| 65-74 | 2.0 (−1.2 to 5.2) | 2.4 (1.0 to 3.9) | 0.8 (−1.3 to 3.0) | |
| Yost State Quintile (census based) | .10 | |||
| Yost 1 (lowest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Yost 2 | −1.6 (−5.6 to 2.5) | −0.9 (−2.8 to 1.0) | 2.7 (0.2 to 5.1) | |
| Yost 3 | 1.0 (−3.4 to 5.5) | 0.1 (−1.9 to 2.0) | 0.7 (−1.7 to 3.0) | |
| Yost 4 | 1.0 (−3.1 to 5.0) | 1.1 (−0.9 to 3.2) | 2.1 (−0.5 to 4.7) | |
| Yost 5 (highest) | 3.7 (−0.4 to 7.7) | 2.5 (0.4 to 4.7) | 0.3 (−2.4 to 3.0) | |
| RUCA (census based) | ||||
| Urban focused | Ref | Ref | Ref | .89 |
| Large rural city/town | −3.4 (−9.8 to 3.0) | −1.0 (−4.5 to 2.6) | 1.4 (−2.8 to 5.7) | |
| Small rural town focused/isolated small rural | −0.9 (−7.9 to 6.0) | 0.6 (−3.4 to 4.6) | 3.2 (−1.6 to 8.1) | |
| AJCC stage at diagnosis | .72 | |||
| I | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| II | −8.0 (−13.2 to −2.8) | −12.1 (−15.0 to −9.2) | −11.5 (−15.6 to −7.3) | |
| III | −19.6 (−25.1 to −14.1) | −17.2 (−19.7 to −14.7) | −19.8 (−23.1 to −16.5) | |
| IV | −32.6 (−37.7 to −27.5) | −27.1 (−29.2 to −25.0) | −31.0 (−33.9 to −28.1) | |
| Other/unknown | −13.7 (−21.1 to −6.3) | −14.8 (−18.4 to −11.1) | −18.7 (−23.4 to −14.0) | |
| Histology | .008 | |||
| NSCLC/other | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 3.6 (−0.1 to 7.3) | 3.3 (1.4 to 5.1) | 2.5 (0.1 to 4.8) | |
| Large cell | −7.3 (−17.9 to 3.4) | −5.1 (−11.8 to 1.6) | 0.8 (−5.6 to 7.3) | |
| Squamous | −7.2 (−12.9 to −1.5) | 0.9 (−1.2 to 3.0) | −2.8 (−5.5 to −0.2) | |
| Small cell | −6.7 (−12.7 to −0.7) | −3.6 (−5.8 to −1.4) | −1.8 (−4.5 to 0.9) | |
| Carcinoids | 6.1 (1.02 to 11.2) | 3.5 (−0.6 to 7.7) | 3.9 (−3.9 to 11.6) | |
| Clinical conditions | .34 | |||
| No previous non-lung cancer | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Previous non-lung cancer | −3.4 (−7.1 to 0.4) | −0.3 (−2.2 to 1.6) | −2.6 (−5.1 to −0.1) | |
| Modified Charlson Comorbidity Indexc | .15 | |||
| 0-1 condition | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 2 or more conditions | −1.3 (−4.4 to 1.7) | −3.2 (−4.8 to −1.6) | −0.3 (−2.1 to 1.5) | |
| Receipt of other first course therapyd | ||||
| No radiation | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Radiation | −0.8 (−4.2 to 2.7) | 2.8 (1.3 to 4.3) | 2.5 (0.6 to 4.3) | .64 |
| No surgery | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Surgery | 8.1 (3.3 to 12.8) | 16.8 (14.6 to 19.0) | 15.0 (12.0 to 18.0) | .045 |
| No systemic therapy | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Systemic therapy | 7.8 (4.6 to 11.0) | 7.9 (6.3 to 9.4) | 9.3 (7.4 to 11.1) | .79 |
| BMI status at diagnosis | .60 | |||
| <25 (underweight/normal) | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| 25-29 (overweight) | 0.2 (−3.0 to 3.3) | 2.2 (0.7 to 3.7) | −0.3 (−2.2 to 1.6) | |
| 30+ (obese) | 2.2 (−1.1 to 5.4) | 2.9 (1.2 to 4.6) | 0.8 (−1.5 to 3.1) | |
| Unknown | 3.2 (−11.3 to 17.7) | −6.9 (−13.9 to 0.1) | −7.0 (−12.7 to −1.2) |
a
RUCA = Rural-Urban Commuting Area; AJCC = American Joint Committee on Cancer; Ref = Reference group in multivariable model. Results mutually adjusted for year of diagnosis and health-care system in addition to all variables listed in the table. BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; NSCLC = non–small-cell lung cancer.
b
The coefficient value represents the number of additional months of survival gained or lost if the corresponding characteristics were present relative to the reference group for that covariate.
c
Modified Charlson Comorbidity Index excludes HIV/AIDS diagnoses.
d
First-course therapy as documented in tumor registry data.