Table 1.
Women's characteristics according to history of gestational diabetes, Québec (Canada), 2009–2017.
| All women (n = 304) |
GDM+(n = 213) | GDM− (n = 91) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.056 | |||
| 20–29 | 19 (6.3) | 9 (4.2) | 10 (11.0) | |
| 30–39 | 200 (65.8) | 140 (65.7) | 60 (65.9) | |
| ≥40 | 85 (28.0) | 64 (30.1) | 21 (23.1) | |
| Ethnicity | 1.000 | |||
| Caucasian | 192 (95.5) | 132 (94.3) | 60 (98.4) | |
| African and Afro-American | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Native Americans | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Asians | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hispanics | 4 (2.0) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Age of the youngest child | 0.201 | |||
| Preschool (0–5 years) | 241 (79.3) | 173 (81.2) | 68 (74.7) | |
| School-age (6–12 years) | 63 (20.7) | 40 (18.8) | 23 (25.3) | |
| Number of children | 0.957 | |||
| 1 child | 56 (18.4) | 39 (18.3) | 17 (18.7) | |
| 2 children | 169 (55.6) | 120 (56.3) | 49 (53.9) | |
| 3 children | 58 (19.1) | 39 (18.3) | 19 (20.9) | |
| 4 children or more | 21 (6.9) | 15 (7.0) | 6 (6.6) | |
| Household annual income ($CAN/year) | 0.402 | |||
| 0–39,999 | 40 (14.7) | 28 (14.8) | 12 (14.3) | |
| 40,000–79,999 | 90 (33.0) | 65 (34.4) | 25 (29.8) | |
| 80,000–99,999 | 58 (21.3) | 43 (22.8) | 15 (17.9) | |
| ≥100,000 | 85 (31.1) | 53 (28.0) | 32 (38.1) | |
| Highest maternal level of education | 0.119 | |||
| High school of less | 51 (17.4) | 40 (19.2) | 11 (12.8) | |
| CEGEPª | 82 (27.9) | 62 (29.8) | 20 (23.3) | |
| University | 161 (54.8) | 106 (51.0) | 55 (64.0) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Full-time occupation | 218 (73.4) | 157 (75.9) | 61 (67.8) | 0.409 |
| Part-time occupation | 41 (13.8) | 24 (11.6) | 17 (18.9) | |
| Stay-at-home parent | 24 (8.1) | 17 (8.2) | 7 (7.8) | |
| No job | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Other (seasonal work or self-employed) | 12 (4.0) | 8 (3.9) | 4 (4.4) | |
| Past behaviorb | ||||
| Modified A-HEI score (/70 points) | 51.7 ± 8.6 | 50.9 ± 8.6 | 53.5 ± 8.3 | 0.027* |
Results are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%).
GDM+: women with a history of gestational diabetes; GDM−: women with no history of gestational diabetes.
ªIn the Quebec education system, CEGEP refers to “Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel” and includes preuniversity programs and technical programs.
bPast behavior refers to dietary intakes over the last month, assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and calculated with a modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index.
*ANOVA adjusted for age, age of the youngest children, number of children, household annual income and highest maternal level of education.