Table II.

The age-standardized DALY rate of rheumatoid arthritis in 1990 and 2019 and its temporal trends

Characteristics	1990		2019		1990–2019
	Age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000)	Male/female ratio	Age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000)	Male/female ratio	Change in Number No. (%)	EAPC
Global	39.12 (30.13, 48.56)	0.47100009	39.57 (30.51, 49.53)	0.468234215	0.96 (0.87, 1.04)	0.12 (0.08, 0.17)
Sex:
Male	24.67 (19.47, 30.57)	#N/A	24.94 (19.42, 31.31)	#N/A	0.99 (0.89, 1.08)	0.16 (0.10, 0.22)
Female	52.37 (39.43, 65.39)	#N/A	53.26 (40.20, 67.08)	#N/A	0.95 (0.82, 1.07)	0.12 (0.08, 0.16)
Sociodemographic index:
Low SDI	35.20 (27.49, 44.42)	0.690981646	38.07 (29.29, 47.88)	0.61227752	1.38 (1.21, 1.53)	0.29 (0.26, 0.32)
Low-middle SDI	43.47 (34.07, 53.54)	0.547354867	48.38 (37.95, 59.54)	0.510917829	1.42 (1.25, 1.60)	0.41 (0.38, 0.44)
Middle SDI	35.69 (27.56, 44.59)	0.487898815	37.61 (29.11, 47.14)	0.474398996	1.26 (1.10, 1.37)	0.31 (0.22, 0.39)
High-middle SDI	34.02 (25.74, 42.78)	0.417728346	35.01 (26.33, 44.52)	0.425564359	0.78 (0.68, 0.85)	0.18 (0.13, 0.24)
High SDI	47.62 (36.29, 59.68)	0.410043618	45.02 (33.28, 57.74)	0.404630466	0.49 (0.42, 0.57)	–0.12 (–0.15, –0.09)
Region:
Andean Latin America	35.29 (27.27, 44.28)	0.403849701	46.17 (34.27, 59.10)	0.34193417	2.14 (1.86, 2.40)	0.94 (0.83, 1.04)
Australasia	56.49 (42.91, 71.42)	0.41411512	52.75 (38.71, 68.08)	0.428230584	0.75 (0.58, 0.90)	–0.15 (–0.19, –0.11)
Caribbean	31.67 (23.54, 40.11)	0.352552321	36.11 (26.56, 46.29)	0.340212234	1.02 (0.88, 1.17)	0.50 (0.48, 0.52)
Central Asia	41.29 (30.03, 52.86)	0.503162845	51.16 (37.60, 65.30)	0.467023706	1.02 (0.86, 1.20)	0.69 (0.61, 0.77)
Central Europe	36.09 (26.96, 45.67)	0.377010852	34.08 (25.02, 44.13)	0.382380577	0.15 (0.07, 0.26)	–0.11 (–0.18, –0.03)
Central Latin America	72.37 (56.77, 90.73)	0.37803147	68.69 (52.71, 86.70)	0.372676549	1.37 (1.21, 1.50)	–0.17 (–0.23, –0.11)
Central sub-Saharan Africa	37.13 (27.50, 47.02)	0.894399227	36.53 (26.88, 47.19)	0.787929457	1.40 (1.02, 1.76)	–0.11 (–0.17, –0.05)
East Asia	38.92 (29.85, 49.62)	0.491785692	39.30 (30.11, 49.71)	0.517219841	1.08 (0.88, 1.23)	0.31 (0.13, 0.48)
Eastern Europe	28.97 (22.03, 36.32)	0.355500279	29.00 (22.08, 36.95)	0.35290721	0.10 (0.03, 0.16)	–0.09 (–0.15, –0.03)
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa	42.38 (31.27, 56.17)	1.182540117	43.79 (32.22, 57.93)	1.106227804	1.29 (1.10, 1.44)	0.14 (0.11, 0.16)
High-income Asia Pacific	46.61 (35.04, 58.57)	0.432580868	38.31 (28.14, 49.80)	0.432962775	0.38 (0.27, 0.53)	–0.63 (–0.71, –0.56)
High-income North America	47.73 (35.95, 60.34)	0.419758144	53.53 (39.82, 68.25)	0.401333516	0.83 (0.78, 0.88)	0.47 (0.38, 0.56)
North Africa and middle East	16.05 (11.65, 20.91)	0.393783993	19.04 (13.91, 24.87)	0.376507403	1.84 (1.58, 2.05)	0.66 (0.62, 0.70)
Oceania	12.36 (8.80, 16.43)	0.501952026	13.77 (9.89, 18.40)	0.508095394	1.54 (1.31, 1.82)	0.37 (0.34, 0.39)
South Asia	49.99 (39.16, 61.89)	0.497680089	53.36 (41.81, 65.99)	0.451135385	1.62 (1.41, 1.87)	0.18 (0.14, 0.22)
Southeast Asia	16.17 (11.99, 20.98)	0.545446663	18.48 (13.76, 23.64)	0.513944343	1.35 (1.08, 1.56)	0.54 (0.50, 0.58)
Southern Latin America	37.35 (27.96, 47.10)	0.418146386	45.77 (34.05, 58.57)	0.297156662	1.10 (0.95, 1.26)	0.78 (0.72, 0.84)
Southern sub-Saharan Africa	66.91 (51.84, 82.86)	0.773181806	56.76 (43.29, 71.95)	0.784761477	0.64 (0.49, 0.84)	–0.75 (–0.98, –0.53)
Tropical Latin America	40.03 (29.04, 51.63)	0.4270601	42.82 (31.44, 55.05)	0.433006748	1.21 (1.07, 1.31)	0.28 (0.26, 0.31)
Western Europe	46.37 (35.10, 58.69)	0.399088801	42.22 (30.83, 54.67)	0.410163451	0.23 (0.15, 0.31)	–0.27 (–0.30, –0.24)
Western sub-Saharan Africa	10.56 (7.97, 13.59)	0.620456593	13.29 (9.80, 17.09)	0.64274246	1.84 (1.53, 2.18)	0.80 (0.77, 0.84)

DALY – disability adjusted life-years, EAPC – estimated annual percentage change, NA – not available, UI – uncertainty interval.