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. 2023 Aug 8;21:50. doi: 10.1186/s12962-023-00457-5

Table 3.

Examples of variation regarding the breakdown of the components included within out-of-pocket payment calculations from low and middle-income countries case studies

Country and year Out-of-pocket payments components
Category Proportion (%)
Sri Lanka [43] 2009 Fees to private medical practitioners 53.3
Medical and pharmaceutical products 33.6
Other 13.1
Maldives [43] 2012 Medical and pharmaceutical products 62.4
Outpatient care 35.6
Inpatient care 1.7
Other 0.3
Ethiopia [30] 2017 Medical and pharmaceutical products 45.0
Medical services 26.0
Bed and accommodation 12.0
Travel 10.0
Other 7.0
Myanmar [44] 2015 Medical and pharmaceutical products 35.3
Outpatient care 43.4
Inpatient care 19.4
Travel 1.6
Other 0.3