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. 2023 Aug 8;21:296. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03008-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Forest plot of two-sample Mendelian randomization estimates using lead variants (rs4410790 for AHR and rs2472297 for CYP1A2) only. “OR” represents the effect of a standard deviation increase in genetically predicted plasma caffeine levels on the odds of each outcome. AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; CI, confidence interval; CYP1A2, cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2); OR, odds ratio