Table 2.
Risk factors' pooled analysis and level of evidence
| Risk factors | Number of included studies | Pooled effects | Level of evidence | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0) OR[95%CI] |
P value | I2 | |||
| Improper use of the pillow | 3 | 2.20 [1.39, 3.48] | 0.0008 | 66% | Strong |
| Lack of exercise | 5 | 1.88 [1.53, 2.30] | < 0.00001 | 0% | Strong |
| Improper sitting posture | 7 | 1.97 [1.39, 2.78] | 0.0001 | 78% | Strong |
| History of neck and shoulder trauma | 8 | 2.32 [1.79, 3.01] | < 0.00001 | 22% | Strong |
| Senior grade | 5 | 2.86 [2.07, 3.95] | < 0.00001 | 5% | Strong |
| Staying up late | 6 | 1.80 [1.35, 2.41] | < 0.0001 | 55% | Strong |
| Long-time electronic product usage per day | 11 | 1.53 [1.33, 1.76] | < 0.00001 | 78% | Strong |
| Long-time to bow head | 10 | 2.04 [1.58, 2.64] | < 0.00001 | 82% | Strong |
| High stress | 4 | 1.61 [1.02, 2.52] | 0.04 | 88% | Moderate |
| Emotional problems | 5 | 2.09 [1.66, 2.63] | < 0.00001 | 0% | Strong |
| Female gender | 3 | 1.69 [1.52, 1.87] | < 0.00001 | 0% | Moderate |