Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Children and Adolescents With Rhinovirus and/or Enterovirus–Positive Test Results in the Prepandemic and Pandemic Periods .
| Characteristic | ED | Inpatient | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | P valuea | No. (%) | P valuea | |||
| Prepandemic period (n = 4621) | Pandemic period (n = 841) | Prepandemic period (n = 5174) | Pandemic period (n = 667) | |||
| Age | ||||||
| Mean (SD), y | 2.5 (3.3) | 3.0 (3.9) | <.001 | 3.0 (3.8) | 3.7 (4.4) | <.001 |
| Median (IQR), y | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 2.0 (0.0-4.0) | 1.0 (0.0-4.0) | 2.0 (1.0-6.0) | ||
| <2 y | 2544 (55.1) | 409 (48.6) | <.001 | 2688 (52.0) | 305 (45.7) | <.001 |
| 2-4 y | 1353 (29.3) | 247 (29.4) | 1226 (23.7) | 163 (24.4) | ||
| 5-17 yb | 724 (15.7) | 185 (22.0) | 1260 (24.4) | 199 (29.8) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1899 (41.1) | 350 (41.6) | .81 | 2038 (39.4) | 283 (42.4) | .14 |
| Male | 2722 (58.9) | 491 (58.4) | 3136 (60.6) | 384 (57.6) | ||
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic | 1136 (24.6) | 181 (21.5) | <.001 | 1158 (22.4) | 138 (20.7) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2009 (43.5) | 339 (40.3) | 1391 (26.9) | 192 (28.8) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1040 (22.5) | 242 (28.8) | 1999 (38.6) | 257 (38.5) | ||
| Other non-Hispanicc | 421 (9.1) | 70 (8.3) | 606 (11.7) | 69 (10.3) | ||
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | 9 (1.1) | 20 (0.4) | 11 (1.6) | ||
| Insurance type | ||||||
| Public | 3457 (74.8) | 622 (74.0) | .46 | 3278 (63.4) | 426 (63.9) | .13 |
| Private | 792 (17.1) | 161 (19.1) | 1536 (29.7) | 209 (31.3) | ||
| Both | 40 (0.9) | 8 (1.0) | 64 (1.2) | 3 (0.4) | ||
| None or self-pay | 270 (5.8) | 39 (4.6) | 243 (4.7) | 21 (3.1) | ||
| Unknown | 62 (1.3) | 11 (1.3) | 53 (1.0) | 8 (1.2) | ||
| Social exposures | ||||||
| Daycare or school attendanced | 2363 (51.1) | 318 (37.8) | <.001 | 2561 (49.5) | 218 (32.7) | <.001 |
| Smoke exposure | 1322 (28.6) | 221 (26.3) | .18 | 1454 (28.1) | 190 (28.5) | .87 |
| e-Cigarette exposure | 185 (4.0) | 36 (4.3) | .78 | 255 (4.9) | 39 (5.8) | .35 |
| Surveillance sites | ||||||
| Nashville, Tennessee | 539 (11.7) | 25 (3.0) | <.001 | 398 (7.7) | 76 (11.4) | <.001 |
| Rochester, New York | 537 (11.6) | 66 (7.8) | 642 (12.4) | 39 (5.8) | ||
| Cincinnati, Ohio | 399 (8.6) | 173 (20.6) | 531 (10.3) | 81 (12.1) | ||
| Seattle, Washington | 614 (13.3) | 94 (11.2) | 569 (11.0) | 48 (7.2) | ||
| Houston, Texas | 457 (9.9) | 73 (8.7) | 935 (18.1) | 95 (14.2) | ||
| Kansas City, Kansas | 1227 (26.6) | 270 (32.1) | 677 (13.1) | 103 (15.4) | ||
| Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 848 (18.4) | 140 (16.6) | 1422 (27.5) | 225 (33.7) | ||
| Respiratory specimen results | ||||||
| Any viral codetection | 1149 (24.9) | 71 (8.4) | <.001 | 1000 (19.3) | 36 (5.4) | <.001 |
| Adenovirus | 419 (9.1) | 44 (5.2) | <.001 | 275 (5.3) | 18 (2.7) | .005 |
| Other virusese | 815 (17.6) | 13 (1.5) | <.001 | 799 (15.4) | 5 (0.7) | <.001 |
| SARS-CoV-2 | NA | 17 (2.0) | NA | NA | 14 (2.1) | NA |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable.
P values comparing prepandemic and pandemic periods were calculated using an unpaired, 2-tailed t test with unequal variances for continuous variables and Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables, with α<.05.
Inpatient enrollment was year-round at all 7 surveillance sites and included patients younger than 18 years. Meanwhile, ED enrollment at 3 surveillance sites was restricted to patients younger than 5 years for some months (eTable 1 in Supplement 1).
Other non-Hispanic race and ethnicity included American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
History of daycare or school attendance.
Other viruses included parainfluenza (types 1-4), influenza, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus.