Table 3. The relationship between demographic variables and stages of change in hookah smoking and quitting behavior .
| Variable |
Preparatory
No. (%) |
Preparation
No. (%) |
Post-preparation
No. (%) |
P value | |
| Gender | Female | 427 (82.3) | 43 (8.3) | 49 (9.4) | 0.419 |
| Male | 535 (81.8) | 45 (6.9) | 74 (11.3) | ||
| Marital status | Single | 116 (81.1) | 11 (7.7) | 16 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
| Married | 772 (83.3) | 75 (8.1) | 80 (8.6) | ||
| Widow | 74 (71.8) | 2 (1.9) | 27 (26.2) | ||
| Job | Employee | 113 (86.3) | 10 (7.6) | 8 (6.1) | 0.298 |
| Self-employed | 297 (79.8) | 30 (8.1) | 45 (12.1) | ||
| Retired | 66 (59.3) | 3 (3.7) | 12 (14.8) | ||
| Unemployed & student | 486 (82.5) | 45 (7.6) | 58 (9.8) | ||
| Economic status | Poor | 212 (77.4) | 25 (9.1) | 37 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 527 (81.8) | 42 (6.5) | 75 (11.6) | ||
| Good | 222 (88.4) | 21 (8.4) | 8 (3.2) | ||
| Having a specific illness | No | 803 (84.7) | 64 (6.8) | 81 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 159 (70.7) | 24 (10.7) | 42 (18.7) | ||
| Hookah location | Home | 792 (82.7) | 73 (7.6) | 93 (9.7) | < 0.001 |
| Coffee shop & terrace | 20 (54.1) | 6 (16.2) | 11 (29.7) | ||
| Recreational center | 150 (84.3) | 9 (5.1) | 19 (10.7) | ||
| Type of hookah smoked | Flavored | 107 (88.4) | 1 (0.8) | 13 (10.7) | 0.061 |
| Natural | 789 (81.1) | 81 (8.3) | 103 (10.6) | ||
| Both | 66 (83.5) | 6 (7.6) | 7 (8.9) | ||
| Having attended a hookah quitting class | No | 947 (82.8) | 88 (7.6) | 117 (10.2) | 0.014 |
| Yes | 15 (71.4) | 0 (0) | 6 (28.6) | ||
| Number of friends smoking hookah | Nobody | 65 (71.4) | 11 (12.1) | 15 (16.5) | 0.013 |
| Some Friends | 873 (82.7) | 74 (7.0) | 108 (10.2) | ||
| All of the friends | 24 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Having family members smoking hookah | No | 538 (78.3) | 49 (7.1) | 100 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 424 (87.2) | 39 (8.0) | 23 (4.7) | ||
| Current cigarette smoking | No | 869 (82.6) | 82 (7.8) | 101 (9.6) | 0.010 |
| Yes | 93 (76.9) | 6 (5.0) | 22 (18.2) |