Table 5. The relationships of processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy with stages of change for quitting hookah smoking .

Variable	Stages of behavior change			P value
	Post-preparation	Preparation	Preparatory
Self-efficacy	4.11 ± 0.49	3.81 ± 0.78	3.21 ± 0.83	< 0.001
Pros	4.51 ± 0.60	4.34 ± 0.52	3.90 ± 0.76	< 0.001
Cons	3.41 ± 0.82	2.91 ± 1.02	3.27 ± 0.82	< 0.001
Processes of Change
Cognitive Change Processes	3.59 ± 0.49	3.68 ± 0.69	2.89 ± 0.73	< 0.001
Consciousness raising	2.64 ± 1.01	3.06 ± 1.01	2.20 ± 0.88	< 0.001
Environmental reevaluation	3.99 ± 0.72	3.93 ± 0.83	3.25 ± 0.84	< 0.001
Dramatic relief	3.80 ± 0.72	3.86 ± 0.99	2.98 ± 0.94	< 0.001
Self-reevaluation	4.10 ± 0.61	3.97 ± 0.84	3.00 ± 1.07	< 0.001
Social liberation	3.69 ± 0.65	3.71 ± 0.69	3.23 ± 0.73	< 0.001
Behavioral Change Processes	3.59 ± 0.49	3.56 ± 0.83	2.81 ± 0.75	< 0.001
Counter-conditioning	3.14 ± 0.87	3.30 ± 0.93	2.55 ± 0.99	< 0.001
Helping relationships	3.35 ± 0.70	3.60 ± 0.92	3.00 ± 0.86	< 0.001
Reinforcement management	3.59 ± 0.71	3.48 ± 0.99	2.95 ± 0.92	< 0.001
Self-liberation	4.25 ± 0.68	4.08 ± 0.96	3.21 ± 0.95	< 0.001
Stimulus control	3.52 ± 0.70	3.28 ± 1.08	2.36 ± 0.92	< 0.001