Table 4.
Determinants of underweight among preschool children and their parents
| Crude p |
Adjusted p |
95% CI |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Determinant variables | AOR | Lower limit |
Upper limit |
||
| Gender of preschool children | |||||
| Male | 0.622 | - | - | - | - |
| Female | |||||
| Age, years | |||||
| <4 | 0.138 | 0.504 | 1.752 | 0.338 | 9.085 |
| 4–<5 | 0.190 | 2.262 | 0.669 | 7.659 | |
| 5–<6 | 0.870 | 1.114 | 0.305 | 4.062 | |
| 6–<7 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Number of siblings | 0.971 | - | - | - | - |
| Birth weight | |||||
| Normal | 0.241 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| LBW/VLBW/ELBW | 0.085 | 2.567 | 0.879 | 7.492 | |
| Birth category | |||||
| Post term/Full term | 0.254 | - | - | - | - |
| Moderate to late term/very preterm/extremely preterm | |||||
| Duration of breastfeeding | 0.716 | - | - | - | - |
| Duration of formula feeding | 0.535 | - | - | - | - |
| Age starts solid food | 0.351 | - | - | - | - |
| Age of parents | 0.089 | 0.033* | 1.065 | 1.005 | 1.129 |
| Education level of parents | |||||
| Primary | 0.175 | 0.042* | 4.384 | 1.054 | 18.232 |
| Secondary | 0.851 | 0.925 | 0.411 | 2.421 | |
| Tertiary | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Employment status of parents | |||||
| Working | 0.300 | - | - | - | - |
| Not working | |||||
| Number of dependents | 0.400 | - | - | - | - |
| Number of household member | 0.304 | - | - | - | - |
| Household monthly income | |||||
| B40 (<RM4,851) | 0.444 | - | - | - | - |
| M40 (RM4.851–10,970) | |||||
| Body mass index classification of parents | |||||
| Underweight | 0.244 | 0.844 | 1.162 | 0.261 | 5.183 |
| Normal | 0.904 | 1.053 | 0.458 | 2.421 | |
| Overweight/Obese | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
CI: Confidence Interval; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; Ref: Reference Group; LBW: Low Birth Weight; VLBW: Very Low Birth Weight; ELBW: Extremely Low birth Weight; B40: Refers to the lowest 40% household income group with average monthly income below RM4,851 (USD:1,158); M40: Refers to the middle-income household group with average monthly ranging from RM4,851 to RM10,970 (USD:1,158–2,619) according to Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020)
*
Significant at p<0.05 using multiple logistic regression; Variables with p<0.25 in the binary logistic analysis were included to the final model for adjustment (AOR)