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. 2023 Aug 7;16(8):683–688. doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01237-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — A map showing the ground-based sampling location and dates of the three wildfires–Nethker/Shady Creek (Idaho), 204 Cow (Oregon), and Castle and Ikes (Arizona)–along with the fire stages investigated and any in situ oxidation experiment (denoted by sun and moon symbols) conducted on the intercepted smoke plumes. The colored bars show the chemical composition of smoke aerosol emissions – non-refractory matter, measured using an aerosol mass spectrometer, and refractory black carbon, measured using a single-particle soot photometer. Tree coverage data from radicalcartography.net courtesy of William Rankin.