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. 2023 Aug 7;16(8):683–688. doi: 10.1038/s41561-023-01237-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — Ratio of spectral imaginary refractive index of water-soluble BrC (k_WS-BrC) and d-BrC tar balls observed during this study. Water-soluble BrC refractive index was measured using spectrally-resolved light absorption in water extracts of particles from fresh smoke collected on filters at ground level. Water extraction of aerosol particles collected on filters from wildfire smoke typically accounts for approximately half of the overall solvent extractible BrC species⁵⁸. The shaded region in the plot represent errors corresponding to one standard deviation of the measurements.