Table 2.
Clinical features stratified to the ClassIntra grade of all patients who underwent a neurosurgical procedure
| Feature | All | Grade 0 | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No., n (%) | 422 | 253 (60.0) | 96 (22.7) | 44 (10.4) | 24 (5.7) | 5 (1.2) | |
| Age [years], mean (SD) | 56.1 (16.2) | 55.7 (16.1) | 54.5 (16.8) | 60.9 (16.8) | 55.5 (14.1) | 64.8 (23.3) | .17 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 235 (55.7) | 150 (63.8) | 55 (23.4) | 18 (7.7) | 10 (4.3) | 2 (0.9) | .10 |
| Male | 187 (44.3) | 103 (55.1) | 41 (21.9) | 26 (13.9) | 14 (7.5) | 3 (1.6) | |
| ASA, n (%) | |||||||
| I | 17 (4.0) | 11 (64.7) | 5 (29.4) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | < .01 |
| II | 209 (49.5) | 130 (62.2) | 50 (23.9) | 18 (8.6) | 11 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| III | 151 (35.8) | 92 (60.9) | 36 (23.8) | 17 (11.3) | 5 (3.3) | 1 (0.7) | |
| IV | 21 (5.0) | 10 (47.6) | 4 (19.0) | 2 (9.5) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | |
| V | 24 (5.7) | 10 (41.7) | 1 (4.2) | 6 (25.0) | 5 (20.8) | 2 (8.3) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.7 (5.5) | 26.4 (5.6) | 27.1 (4.8) | 27.4 (4.8) | 27.0 (6.7) | 26.3 (1.9) | .82 |
| Charlson Comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.7) | 2.8 (2.6) | 3.8 (2.9) | 4.7 (3.8) | 5.4 (5.5) | .01 |
| Karnofsky, mean (SD) | 86.5 (18.8) | 89.0 (16.8) | 87.1 (18.8) | 77.3 (20.6) | 76.7 (26.5) | 50.0 (14.1) | < .01 |
| Glasgow coma scale, mean (SD) | 14.6 (1.4) | 14.8 (0.8) | 14.7 (1.2) | 14.1 (2.2) | 13.6 (2.9) | 9.5 (4.9) | < .01 |
| Modified Rankin scale, mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.6) | 3.5 (0.7) | < .01 |
| NIHSS, mean (SD) | 2.8 (4.3) | 2.0 (3.4) | 2.8 (4.6) | 4.7 (4.8) | 6.8 (7.7) | 10.5 (4.8) | < .01 |
| NANO, mean (SD) | 1.8 (2.8) | 1.4 (2.2) | 1.9 (3.3) | 2.9 (3.3) | 3.8 (4.1) | 8.5 (3.5) | < .01 |
| Urgency, n (%) | |||||||
| Elective | 365 (86.5) | 222 (60.8) | 91 (24.9) | 34 (9.3) | 18 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | < .01 |
| Emergency | 57 (13.5) | 31 (54.4) | 5 (8.8) | 10 (17.5) | 6 (10.5) | 5 (8.8) | |
| Location, n (%) | |||||||
| Supratentorial | 324 (76.8) | 188 (58.0) | 73 (22.5) | 38 (11.7) | 20 (6.2) | 5 (1.5) | < .01 |
| Infratentorial | 35 (8.3) | 13 (37.1) | 17 (48.6) | 4 (11.4) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Spine | 27 (6.4) | 18 (66.7) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (3.7) | 3 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Peripheral | 36 (8.5) | 34 (94.4) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Approach, n (%) | |||||||
| Craniotomy | 242 (57.3) | 120 (49.6) | 72 (29.8) | 30 (12.4) | 15 (6.2) | 5 (2.1) | < .01 |
| Burr hole | 53 (12.6) | 36 (67.9) | 7 (13.2) | 6 (11.3) | 4 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Transsphenoidal | 55 (13.0) | 40 (72.7) | 4 (8.7) | 2 (4.3) | 2 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Spine | 26 (6.2) | 17 (65.4) | 5 (19.2) | 1 (3.8) | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Peripheral | 46 (10.9) | 40 (87.0) | 4 (8.7) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Position, n (%) | |||||||
| Supine | 326 (77.3) | 200 (61.3) | 68 (20.9) | 34 (10.4) | 19 (5.8) | 5 (1.5) | .11 |
| Semi-lateral/lateral | 54 (12.8) | 29 (53.7) | 15 (27.8) | 9 (16.7) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Prone | 41 (9.7) | 24 (58.5) | 12 (29.3) | 1 (2.4) | 4 (9.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Sitting | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Indication/Procedure, n (%) | |||||||
| Abscess formation | 5 (1.2) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | < .01 |
| Intracranial haemorrhage | 28 (6.6) | 17 (60.8) | 2 (7.1) | 5 (17.9) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (7.1) | |
| Biopsy of unclear lesion | 18 (4.3) | 12 (66.7) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (11.1) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Disc herniation/spinal stenosis | 10 (2.4) | 5 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cavernoma | 4 (0.9) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cerebrovascular | 44 (10.4) | 22 (50.0) | 15 (34.1) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Brain tumour | 125 (29.6) | 64 (51.2) | 38 (30.4) | 16 (12.8) | 7 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hemangioblastoma | 3 (0.7) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hemicraniectomy | 7 (1.7) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (28.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Intraspinal tumour | 15 (3.6) | 11 (73.3) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Suprasellar lesion | 57 (13.5) | 40 (70.2) | 9 (15.8) | 5 (8.8) | 3 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Vestibular schwannoma | 9 (2.1) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Hydrocephalus | 41 (9.7) | 27 (65.9) | 5 (12.2) | 5 (12.2) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Peripheral nerve tumour | 27 (6.4) | 27 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Bone flap replacement | 4 (0.9) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | (0.0) | |
| Temporal lobe epilepsy | 10 (2.4) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 8 (1.9) | 8 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Others | 7 (1.7) | 4 (57.1) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Operating duration [min], mean (SD) | 127.5 (83.9) | 104.5 (70.7) | 165.7 (80.0) | 151.1 (101.9) | 173.0 (113.2) | 116.0 (195.6) | < .01 |
P values reaching a significance level below 0.05 are marked bold