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. 2023 Jul 5;165(8):2015–2027. doi: 10.1007/s00701-023-05672-w

Table 3.

Clinical features and outcome stratified to the ClassIntra grade of patients who underwent an elective craniotomy

Feature All Grade 0 Grade I Grade II Grade III P value
No., n (%) 209 108 (51.7) 69 (33.0) 22 (10.5) 10 (4.8)
Age [years], mean (SD) 55.2 (15.9) 54.4 (15.8) 54.2 (16.6) 63.1 (13.9) 52.6 (13.7) .11
Gender, n (%)
 Female 126 (60.3) 69 (54.8) 41 (32.5) 11 (8.7) 5 (4.0) .57
 Male 83 (39.7) 39 (47.0) 28 (33.7) 11 (13.3) 5 (6.0)
ASA, n (%)
 I 7 (3.3) 4 (57.1) 3 (42.9) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) .19
 II 121 (57.9) 68 (56.2) 37 (30.6) 10 (8.3) 6 (5.0)
 III 78 (37.3) 36 (46.2) 28 (35.9) 11 (14.1) 3 (3.8)
 IV 3 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3) 1 (33.3)
BMI, mean (SD) 26.9 (5.7) 26.5 (5.9) 27.2 (5.6) 27.6 (5.1) 22.7 (2.9) .14
Anticoagulation, n (%)
 None 180 (86.1) 99 (55.0) 56 (31.1) 17 (9.4) 8 (4.4) .08
 Paused 18 (8.6) 7 (38.9) 8 (44.4) 3 (16.7) 0 (0.0)
 Under medication 11 (5.3) 2 (18.2) 5 (45.5) 2 (18.2) 2 (18.2)
Charlson Comorbidity index, mean (SD) 3.3 (2.9) 3.2 (2.8) 2.8 (2.6) 4.3 (3.3) 5.0 (3.8) .04
Karnofsky, mean (SD) 90.7 (13.6) 92.7 (12.6) 90.6 (13.1) 81.8 (16.8) 89.0 (14.5)  < .01
Glasgow coma scale, mean (SD) 14.9 (0.4) 14.9 (0.3) 14.9 (0.12) 14.8 (0.8) 14.8 (0.6) .08
Modified Rankin scale, mean (SD) 0.6 (0.9) 0.5 (0.9) 0.6 (0.8) 1.1 (1.2) 0.9 (1.1) .07
NIHSS, mean (SD) 2.04 (3.1) 1.67 (2.9) 2.0 (2.8) 3.45 (4.2) 3.20 (2.8) .05
NANO, mean (SD) 1.3 (1.8) 1.1 (1.6) 1.3 (1.7) 1.9 (2.1) 2.0 (1.7) .10
Hemoglobin, mean (SD) 13.8 (1.7) 13.6 (1.6) 14.2 (1.6) 13.9 (1.6) 12.2 (2.6) < .01
Platelet, mean (SD) 263 (79) 266 (81) 262 (80) 257 (72) 259 (67) .95
Location, n (%)
 Supratentorial 176 (84.2) 96 (54.5) 52 (29.5) 19 (10.8) 9 (5.1) .25
 Infratentorial 33 (15.8) 12 (36.3) 17 (51.5) 3 (9.1) 1 (3.1)
Side, n (%)
 Left 88 (42.1) 46 (52.3) 26 (29.5) 12 (13.6) 4 (4.5) .56
 Right 100 (47.8) 54 (54.0) 35 (35.0) 7 (7.0) 4 (4.0)
 Midline 21 (10.0) 8 (38.1) 8 (38.1) 3 (14.3) 2 (9.5)
Approach, n (%)
 Frontal 37 (17.7) 19 (51.4) 9 (24.3) 5 (13.5) 4 (10.8) .78
 Pterional/temporal 82 (39.2) 43 (52.4) 30 (36.6) 7 (8.5) 2 (2.4)
 Suboccipital 29 (13.9) 12 (41.4) 12 (41.4) 3 (10.3) 2 (6.9)
 Retrosigmoidal 25 (12.0) 13 (52.0) 8 (32.0) 3 (12.0) 1 (4.0)
 Parietooccipital 36 (17.2) 21 (58.3) 10 (27.8) 4 (11.1) 1 (2.8)
Position, n (%)
 Supine 145 (69.4) 77 (53.1) 46 (31.7) 14 (9.7) 8 (5.5) .16
 Semi-lateral/lateral 49 (23.4) 25 (51.0) 15 (30.6) 8 (16.3) 1 (2.1)
 Prone 14 (6.7) 6 (42.9) 7 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (7.1)
 Sitting 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Electrophysiological monitoring, n (%)
 No 179 (85.6) 101 (56.4) 53 (29.6) 18 (10.1) 7 (3.9)  < .01
 Yes 30 (14.4) 7 (23.3) 16 (53.3) 4 (13.3) 3 (10.0)
Indication, n (%)
 Abscess formation 2 (1.0) 1 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50.0) .02
 Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy 9 (4.3) 5 (55.6) 4 (44.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 Biopsy of unclear lesion 5 (2.4) 3 (60.0) 1 (20.0) 1 (20.0) 0 (0.0)
 Cerebrovascular 36 (17.2) 19 (52.8) 14 (38.9) 3 (8.3) 0 (0.0)
 Brain tumour 123 (58.9) 64 (52.0) 37 (30.1) 15 (12.2) 7 (5.7)
 Vestibular schwannoma 9 (4.3) 1 (11.1) 4 (44.4) 3 (33.3) 1 (11.1)
 Trigeminal neuralgia 7 (3.3) 7 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 Other 18 (8.6) 8 (44.4) 9 (50.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (5.6)
Operating duration [min], mean (SD) 177 (80) 157 (65) 189 (76) 212 (98) 233 (139)  < .01
Outcome
Unscheduled CT/MRI scan, n (%) 35 (16.7) 10 (9.3) 10 (14.5) 8 (36.4) 7 (70.0)  < .01
Reoperation, n (%) 9 (4.3) 3 (2.8) 3 (4.3) 2 (9.1) 1 (10.0) .45
Highest Clavien-Dindo grade, n (%)
 0 125 (59.8) 79 (73.1) 37 (53.6) 9 (40.9) 0 (0.0)  < .01
 I 31 (14.8) 14 (13.0) 14 (20.3) 1 (4.5) 2 (20.0)
 II 39 (18.7) 14 (13.0) 14 (20.3) 8 (36.4) 3 (30.0)
 IIIa 3 (1.4) 0 (0.0) 1 (1.4) 1 (4.5) 1 (10.0)
 IIIb 7 (3.3) 1 (0.9) 3 (4.3) 1 (4.5) 2 (20.0)
 IVa 2 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5) 1 (10.0)
 IVb 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
 V 2 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (4.5) 1 (10.0)
Comprehensive Complication Index, mean (SD) 9.3 (16.1) 4.6 (9.0) 8.5 (11.1) 20.9 (25.6) 40.7 (28.9)  < .01
Karnofsky worsening, n (%) 27 (12.9) 6 (5.6) 2 (2.9) 10 (45.5) 9 (90.0)  < .01
GCS worsening, n (%) 9 (4.3) 1 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 2 (9.1) 6 (60.0)  < .01
mRS worsening, n (%) 27 (12.9) 5 (4.6) 3 (4.3) 10 (45.5) 9 (90.0)  < .01
NIHSS worsening, n (%) 29 (13.9) 5 (4.6) 4 (5.8) 11 (50.0) 9 (90.0)  < .01
NANO worsening, n (%) 32 (15.3) 7 (6.5) 6 (8.7) 10 (45.5) 9 (90.0)  < .01
Length of ICU stay, mean (SD) 1.4 (2.3) 1.1 (0.5) 1.1 (0.5) 2.4 (5.5) 3.6 (5.8)  < .01
Length of hospital stay, mean (SD) 7.2 (7.0) 6.2 (3.2) 6.6 (4.1) 11.6 (17.4) 12.2 (9.6)  < .01

P values reaching a significance level below 0.05 are marked bold