Table 3.
Clinical features and outcome stratified to the ClassIntra grade of patients who underwent an elective craniotomy
| Feature | All | Grade 0 | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No., n (%) | 209 | 108 (51.7) | 69 (33.0) | 22 (10.5) | 10 (4.8) | |
| Age [years], mean (SD) | 55.2 (15.9) | 54.4 (15.8) | 54.2 (16.6) | 63.1 (13.9) | 52.6 (13.7) | .11 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 126 (60.3) | 69 (54.8) | 41 (32.5) | 11 (8.7) | 5 (4.0) | .57 |
| Male | 83 (39.7) | 39 (47.0) | 28 (33.7) | 11 (13.3) | 5 (6.0) | |
| ASA, n (%) | ||||||
| I | 7 (3.3) | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .19 |
| II | 121 (57.9) | 68 (56.2) | 37 (30.6) | 10 (8.3) | 6 (5.0) | |
| III | 78 (37.3) | 36 (46.2) | 28 (35.9) | 11 (14.1) | 3 (3.8) | |
| IV | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.9 (5.7) | 26.5 (5.9) | 27.2 (5.6) | 27.6 (5.1) | 22.7 (2.9) | .14 |
| Anticoagulation, n (%) | ||||||
| None | 180 (86.1) | 99 (55.0) | 56 (31.1) | 17 (9.4) | 8 (4.4) | .08 |
| Paused | 18 (8.6) | 7 (38.9) | 8 (44.4) | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Under medication | 11 (5.3) | 2 (18.2) | 5 (45.5) | 2 (18.2) | 2 (18.2) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.8) | 2.8 (2.6) | 4.3 (3.3) | 5.0 (3.8) | .04 |
| Karnofsky, mean (SD) | 90.7 (13.6) | 92.7 (12.6) | 90.6 (13.1) | 81.8 (16.8) | 89.0 (14.5) | < .01 |
| Glasgow coma scale, mean (SD) | 14.9 (0.4) | 14.9 (0.3) | 14.9 (0.12) | 14.8 (0.8) | 14.8 (0.6) | .08 |
| Modified Rankin scale, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.1) | .07 |
| NIHSS, mean (SD) | 2.04 (3.1) | 1.67 (2.9) | 2.0 (2.8) | 3.45 (4.2) | 3.20 (2.8) | .05 |
| NANO, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.8) | 1.1 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.7) | 1.9 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.7) | .10 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD) | 13.8 (1.7) | 13.6 (1.6) | 14.2 (1.6) | 13.9 (1.6) | 12.2 (2.6) | < .01 |
| Platelet, mean (SD) | 263 (79) | 266 (81) | 262 (80) | 257 (72) | 259 (67) | .95 |
| Location, n (%) | ||||||
| Supratentorial | 176 (84.2) | 96 (54.5) | 52 (29.5) | 19 (10.8) | 9 (5.1) | .25 |
| Infratentorial | 33 (15.8) | 12 (36.3) | 17 (51.5) | 3 (9.1) | 1 (3.1) | |
| Side, n (%) | ||||||
| Left | 88 (42.1) | 46 (52.3) | 26 (29.5) | 12 (13.6) | 4 (4.5) | .56 |
| Right | 100 (47.8) | 54 (54.0) | 35 (35.0) | 7 (7.0) | 4 (4.0) | |
| Midline | 21 (10.0) | 8 (38.1) | 8 (38.1) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (9.5) | |
| Approach, n (%) | ||||||
| Frontal | 37 (17.7) | 19 (51.4) | 9 (24.3) | 5 (13.5) | 4 (10.8) | .78 |
| Pterional/temporal | 82 (39.2) | 43 (52.4) | 30 (36.6) | 7 (8.5) | 2 (2.4) | |
| Suboccipital | 29 (13.9) | 12 (41.4) | 12 (41.4) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (6.9) | |
| Retrosigmoidal | 25 (12.0) | 13 (52.0) | 8 (32.0) | 3 (12.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Parietooccipital | 36 (17.2) | 21 (58.3) | 10 (27.8) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (2.8) | |
| Position, n (%) | ||||||
| Supine | 145 (69.4) | 77 (53.1) | 46 (31.7) | 14 (9.7) | 8 (5.5) | .16 |
| Semi-lateral/lateral | 49 (23.4) | 25 (51.0) | 15 (30.6) | 8 (16.3) | 1 (2.1) | |
| Prone | 14 (6.7) | 6 (42.9) | 7 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | |
| Sitting | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Electrophysiological monitoring, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 179 (85.6) | 101 (56.4) | 53 (29.6) | 18 (10.1) | 7 (3.9) | < .01 |
| Yes | 30 (14.4) | 7 (23.3) | 16 (53.3) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (10.0) | |
| Indication, n (%) | ||||||
| Abscess formation | 2 (1.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (50.0) | .02 |
| Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy | 9 (4.3) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Biopsy of unclear lesion | 5 (2.4) | 3 (60.0) | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cerebrovascular | 36 (17.2) | 19 (52.8) | 14 (38.9) | 3 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Brain tumour | 123 (58.9) | 64 (52.0) | 37 (30.1) | 15 (12.2) | 7 (5.7) | |
| Vestibular schwannoma | 9 (4.3) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (33.3) | 1 (11.1) | |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | 7 (3.3) | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 18 (8.6) | 8 (44.4) | 9 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
| Operating duration [min], mean (SD) | 177 (80) | 157 (65) | 189 (76) | 212 (98) | 233 (139) | < .01 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Unscheduled CT/MRI scan, n (%) | 35 (16.7) | 10 (9.3) | 10 (14.5) | 8 (36.4) | 7 (70.0) | < .01 |
| Reoperation, n (%) | 9 (4.3) | 3 (2.8) | 3 (4.3) | 2 (9.1) | 1 (10.0) | .45 |
| Highest Clavien-Dindo grade, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 125 (59.8) | 79 (73.1) | 37 (53.6) | 9 (40.9) | 0 (0.0) | < .01 |
| I | 31 (14.8) | 14 (13.0) | 14 (20.3) | 1 (4.5) | 2 (20.0) | |
| II | 39 (18.7) | 14 (13.0) | 14 (20.3) | 8 (36.4) | 3 (30.0) | |
| IIIa | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (10.0) | |
| IIIb | 7 (3.3) | 1 (0.9) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (4.5) | 2 (20.0) | |
| IVa | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (10.0) | |
| IVb | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| V | 2 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (10.0) | |
| Comprehensive Complication Index, mean (SD) | 9.3 (16.1) | 4.6 (9.0) | 8.5 (11.1) | 20.9 (25.6) | 40.7 (28.9) | < .01 |
| Karnofsky worsening, n (%) | 27 (12.9) | 6 (5.6) | 2 (2.9) | 10 (45.5) | 9 (90.0) | < .01 |
| GCS worsening, n (%) | 9 (4.3) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) | 6 (60.0) | < .01 |
| mRS worsening, n (%) | 27 (12.9) | 5 (4.6) | 3 (4.3) | 10 (45.5) | 9 (90.0) | < .01 |
| NIHSS worsening, n (%) | 29 (13.9) | 5 (4.6) | 4 (5.8) | 11 (50.0) | 9 (90.0) | < .01 |
| NANO worsening, n (%) | 32 (15.3) | 7 (6.5) | 6 (8.7) | 10 (45.5) | 9 (90.0) | < .01 |
| Length of ICU stay, mean (SD) | 1.4 (2.3) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) | 2.4 (5.5) | 3.6 (5.8) | < .01 |
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD) | 7.2 (7.0) | 6.2 (3.2) | 6.6 (4.1) | 11.6 (17.4) | 12.2 (9.6) | < .01 |
P values reaching a significance level below 0.05 are marked bold