Table 3.
Conditional logit and mixed logit estimates
| Attributes and levels | Conditional logit | Mixed logit | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | |||||
| Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | Coeff | SE | |
| Contribution to antibiotic resistance | ||||||
| Decrease by a quarter | 0.411 | [0.028]** | 0.710 | [0.054]** | 0.026 | [0.064] |
| Stay at the current level (Ref.) | 0.189 | [0.024]** | 0.300 | [0.042]** | ||
| Double | −0.162 | [0.025]** | −0.244 | [0.040]** | 0.133 | [0.125] |
| Triple | −0.438 | [0.030]** | −0.766 | [0.058]** | 0.680 | [0.061]** |
| Treatment duration | ||||||
| 3 Days | 0.075 | [0.021]** | 0.132 | [0.035]** | 0.504 | [0.050]** |
| 7 Days | 0.021 | [0.018] | 0.050 | [0.030] | 0.024 | [0.041] |
| 14 Days (Ref.) | −0.096 | [0.021]** | −0.182 | [0.035]** | ||
| Side effects | ||||||
| 1% | 0.175 | [0.019]** | 0.287 | [0.033]** | 0.505 | [0.049]** |
| 10% | −0.022 | [0.019] | −0.007 | [0.030] | 0.147 | [0.142] |
| 25% (Ref.) | −0.153 | [0.022]** | −0.280 | [0.038]** | ||
| Days needed to recover | ||||||
| 3–7 Days | 0.146 | [0.019]** | 0.246 | [0.034]** | 0.353 | [0.071]** |
| 8–14 Days | −0.025 | [0.019] | −0.026 | [0.031] | 0.361 | [0.063]** |
| 15–28 Days (Ref.) | −0.121 | [0.021]** | −0.220 | [0.036]** | ||
| Days before you start your medication | ||||||
| Straight after seeing a GP | 0.048 | [0.013]** | 0.082 | [0.022]** | 0.305 | [0.043]** |
| Wait 3 days (Ref.) | −0.048 | [0.013]** | −0.082 | [0.022]** | ||
| Treatment failure† | ||||||
| 5% | 0.045 | [0.018]* | 0.098 | [0.031]** | 0.343 | [0.062]** |
| 10% | 0.086 | [0.017]** | 0.128 | [0.028]** | 0.212 | [0.063]** |
| 25% (Ref.) | −0.130 | [0.020]** | −0.225 | [0.034]** | ||
| Out-of-pocket costs | ||||||
| $10 | 0.396 | [0.025]** | 0.779 | [0.058]** | 1.096 | [0.067]** |
| $30 | 0.109 | [0.017]** | 0.175 | [0.028]** | 0.002 | [0.033] |
| $70 (Ref.) | −0.505 | [0.026]** | −0.954 | [0.063]** | ||
| Observations | 29,844 | 29,844 | ||||
| N | 1658 | 1658 | ||||
| LL | −9006 | −8375 | ||||
| BIC | 18157 | 17038 | ||||
Notes: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Robust standard errors (SEs) are reported in the table. Effect coding was used for all attributes. For the mixed logit model, all attribute levels were assumed to be random variables. SD, standard deviation. The number of Halton draws used for the simulation: 1000. LL, log likelihood; BIC, Bayesian information criterion. A post-stratification weight (calculated according to age groups and gender distribution) was applied
†There was inconsistency between estimated coefficients of 5% and 10% but they are statistically indifferent from each other