Table 3.

Correlates of changes in going-outside frequency between 2020 and 2021: Multinomial logistic regression results

		Vs. No change
		Increased frequency RRR (95% CI)	Decreased frequency RRR (95% CI)
Past-month frequency of going outside in 2020: vs. every day/most days
	Some days	1.79 (1.13–2.84)*	1.93 (1.38–2.70)***
	Rarely/never	1.58 (0.99–2.54)	1.83 (1.24–2.69)**
Number of diagnosed medical conditions		1.07 (0.95–1.21)	1.19 (1.06–1.33)**
Past month pain level: vs. No bothersome pain
	Bothersome but not activity limiting	1.70 (1.16–2.50)**	1.21 (0.88–1.68)
	Activity-limiting	1.20 (0.77–1.85)	1.85 (1.33–2.59)***
Mobility device use vs. no use		0.80 (0.58–1.11)	1.66 (1.21–2.28)**
Depression/anxiety (PHQ-4 score)		0.97 (0.90–1.05)	1.12 (1.05–1.18)***
Clock drawing test score: vs. accurate/reasonably accurate
	Mildly distorted	0.56 (0.36–0.88)*	1.11 (0.83–1.49)
	Moderately/severely distorted/unrecognizable	0.84 (0.54–1.29)	0.99 (0.64–1.55)
	Missing	0.96 (0.40–2.32)	1.08 (0.61–1.89)
Perceived worse memory than in 2020: vs. same of better memory		1.07 (0.76–1.50)	2.06 (1.59–2.68)***
Barrier to social engagement: COVID		0.89 (0.70–1.13)	1.55 (1.13–2.11)**
Barrier to social engagement: Transportation problem		0.76 (0.40–1.45)	2.23 (1.35–3.68)**
Use of video calling with family/friend		1.25 (0.86–1.82)	0.90 (0.64–1.27)
Use of social network media		1.46 (1.03–2.07)*	0.83 (0.61–1.13)
Age group: vs. 70–74 years
	75–79 years	0.81 (0.57–1.15)	1.45 (0.99–2.11)
	80–84 years	0.59 (0.42–0.82)**	1.14 (0.77–1.66)
	85–89 years	0.60 (0.38–0.97)*	1.25 (0.79–1.99)
	90+ years	0.39 (0.19–0.81)*	1.87 (1.16–3.02)*
Female vs. male		2.39 (1.73–3.31)***	1.67 (1.25–2.24)*
Race/ethnicity: vs. Non-Hispanic White
	Non-Hispanic Black	1.12 (0.77–1.63)	1.64 (1.16–2.32)**
	Hispanic	0.42 (0.18–1.01)	1.23 (0.71–2.13)
	All other	1.32 (0.51–3.41)	1.04 (0.46–2.32)
Model statistics		N=3,060; design df=55; F (46,10)=11.71; p<.001

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001