Table 1.
Characteristics of the included randomized controlled trials.
| References | Intervention | Site | Male | Age (Mean ±SD) | H-Y (Mean ±SD) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rTMS | ||||||
| Yang et al. (2013) | HFrTMS | M1 | 5 | 65.20 ± 11.08 | 2.30 ± 0.42 | TUGT |
| Sham | 7 | 67.00 ± 13.21 | 2.35 ± 0.41 | |||
| Maruo et al. (2013) | HFrTMS | M1 | 11 | 63.00 ± 11.30 | 3.10 ± 0.5 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 11 | 63.00 ± 11.30 | 3.10 ± 0.50 | |||
| Kim et al. (2015) | HFrTMS | M1 | NR | 64.50 ± 8.40 | 3.00 ± 0.5 | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| Sham | NR | 64.50 ± 8.40 | 3.00 ± 0.50 | |||
| Chang et al. (2016) | HFrTMS | M1 | 6 | 71.90 ± 7.80 | NR | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| Sham | 6 | 71.90 ± 7.80 | NR | |||
| Makkos et al. (2016) | HFrTMS | M1 | 13 | 66.64 ± 10.27 | 2.38 ± 0.84 | UPDRS-III, TUGT |
| Sham | 11 | 66.00 ± 6.36 | 2.26 ± 0.74 | |||
| Brys et al. (2016) | HFrTMS | M1 | 11 | 59.60 ± 12.60 | 2.29 ± 0.31 | UPDRS-III |
| HFrTMS | DLPFC | 9 | 64.60 ± 12.30 | 2.83 ± 0.77 | ||
| HFrTMS | M1_DLPFC | 6 | 64.90 ± 8.00 | 2.48 ± 0.51 | ||
| Sham | 11 | 64.00 ± 7.40 | 2.33 ± 0.35 | |||
| Chang et al. (2017) | HFrTMS_AtDCS | M1(rTMS)_DLPFC(tDCS) | 9 | 63.60 ± 7.50 | 2.53 ± 0.54 | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| HFrTMS | 11 | 63.80 ± 8.30 | 2.41 ± 0.44 | |||
| Yokoe et al. (2018) | HFrTMS | M1 | 7 | 69.10 ± 8.40 | 3.50 ± 0.60 | UPDRS-III |
| HFrTMS | SMA | 7 | 69.10 ± 8.40 | 3.50 ± 0.60 | ||
| HFrTMS | DLPFC | 7 | 69.10 ± 8.40 | 3.50 ± 0.60 | ||
| Sham | 7 | 69.10 ± 8.40 | 3.50 ± 0.60 | |||
| Cohen et al. (2018) | HFrTMS_LFrTMS | M1_DLPFC | 17 | 64.40 ± 6.80 | 2.18 ± 0.40 | UPDRS-III, TUGT |
| Sham | 15 | 66.80 ± 8.10 | 2.18 ± 0.40 | |||
| Aftanas et al. (2018) | HFrTMS | M1_DLPFC | 13 | 63.20 ± 8.33 | NR | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 10 | 63.80 ± 7.50 | NR | |||
| Mi et al. (2019) | HFrTMS | SMA | 9 | 62.65 ± 10.56 | 2.60 ± 0.8 | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| Sham | 5 | 65.60 ± 8.68 | 2.35 ± 0.91 | |||
| Khedr et al. (2019) | HFrTMS | M1 | NR | 59.58 ± 11.28 | NR | UPDRS-III |
| LFrTMS | NR | 55.88 ± 13.84 | NR | |||
| Khedr et al. (2019) | HFrTMS | M1 | NR | 60.70 ± 8.80 | 3.10 ± 1.10 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | NR | 57.40 ± 10.00 | 3.50 ± 1.00 | |||
| Chung et al. (2020) | HFrTMS | M1 | 10 | 62.70 ± 6.80 | 2.20 ± 0.3 | UPDRS-III, TUGT |
| LFrTMS | 9 | 62.10 ± 5.70 | 2.20 ± 0.40 | |||
| Sham | 7 | 62.10 ± 5.70 | 2.30 ± 0.30 | |||
| Li et al. (2020) | HFrTMS | M1 | 8 | 61.67 ± 6.92 | 1.85 ± 0.63 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 8 | 61.46 ± 8.40 | 1.83 ± 0.64 | |||
| Zhuang et al. (2020) | LFrTMS | DLPFC | 11 | 60.58 ± 9.21 | 2.00 ± 0.80 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 7 | 61.57 ± 13.25 | 2.34 ± 1.03 | |||
| Aftanas et al. (2022) | HFrTMS | M1_DLPFC | 12 | 63.48 ± 8.26 | 2.55 ± 0.50 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 10 | 63.86 ± 7.79 | 2.56 ± 0.50 | |||
| tDCS | ||||||
| Manor et al. (2021) | AtDCS | M1_DLPFC | 31 | 71.00 ± 8.00 | NR | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| Sham | 28 | 69.00 ± 7.00 | NR | |||
| Na et al. (2022) | AtDCS | M1 | 3 | 63.73 ± 6.57 | 1.74 ± 1.70 | UPDRS-III, TUGT, FOGQ |
| Sham | 7 | 65.08 ± 6.46 | 2.00 ± 1.68 | |||
| Lee and Kim (2021) | AtDCS | SMA | 6 | 70.00 ± 3.76 | 2.47 ±0.52 | FOGQ |
| Sham | 8 | 71.33 ± 3.27 | 2.80 ±0.41 | |||
| Kaski et al. (2014) | AtDCS | M1 | NR | NR | NR | TUGT |
| Sham | NR | NR | NR | |||
| Manenti et al. (2016) | AtDCS | DLPFC | 4 | 69.00 ± 9.10 | 2.20 ± 0.60 | UPDRS-III, TUGT |
| Sham | 7 | 69.10 ± 5.60 | 2.30 ± 0.40 | |||
| Costa-Ribeiro et al. (2017) | AtDCS | M1 | 8 | 61.10 ± 9.10 | 2.36 ± 0.68 | UPDRS-III, TUGT |
| Sham | 7 | 62.00 ± 16.70 | 2.32 ± 0.65 | |||
| Wong et al. (2022) | AtDCS | M1 | 8 | 54.20 ± 4.10 | 1.89 ± 0 | TUGT |
| AtDCS | DLPFC | 6 | 50.09 ± 2.40 | 1.67 ± 0.50 | ||
| AtDCS | Cerebellum | 2 | 61.30 ± 7.90 | 2.13 ± 0.60 | ||
| Sham | 3 | 58.30 ± 8.00 | 1.78 ± 0.70 | |||
| Biundo et al. (2015) | AtDCS | DLPFC | NR | 69.10 ± 7.60 | NR | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | NR | 72.30 ± 4.10 | NR | |||
| Yotnuengnit et al. (2018) | AtDCS | M1 | 21 | 66.30 ± 8.95 | NR | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 12 | 62.70 ± 8.80 | NR | |||
| De Icco et al. (2022) | AtDCS_CtDCS | M1 | 9 | 71.90 ± 5.20 | 2.62 ± 0.84 | UPDRS-III |
| Sham | 12 | 73.70 ± 5.00 | 2.53 ± 0.72 | |||
| Ferrucci et al. (2016) | AtDCS | M1 | 5 | 74.33 ± 7.53 | 2.50 ± 0.33 | UPDRS-III |
| AtDCS | Cerebellum | 5 | 74.33 ± 7.53 | 2.50 ± 0.33 | ||
| Sham | 5 | 74.33 ± 7.53 | 2.50 ± 0.33 | |||
HFrTMS, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; LFrTMS, low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; AtDCS, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation; CtDCS, cathode transcranial direct current stimulation; MC, motor cortex; M1, primary motor cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; SD, standard difference; NR, not reported; H-Y, Hoehn and Yahr; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III; TUGT, Time Up and Go Test; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire.