Table 3.
Summary and detailed effects sizes of NIBS in different site as compared with the sham from pair-wise meta-analysis of long-term outcomes.
| Long-term outcomes or subgroup title (total and by drug) | No. of trials contributing to the meta-analysis | No. of participants contributing to the meta-analysis | MD [95% CI] | P-value | I2 (%) | GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UPDRS-III | ||||||
| MC | 2 | 75 | −0.56 [−1.79, 0.66] | 0.37 | 0 | High |
| AtDCS | 2 | 75 | −0.56 [−1.79, 0.66] | 0.37 | 0 | High |
| M1 | 9 | 318 | −4.19 [−6.16, −2.22] | < 0.0001 | 0 | High |
| HFrTMS | 7 | 234 | −4.68 [−7.01, −2.34] | < 0.0001 | 0 | High |
| LFrTMS | 1 | 33 | −2.80 [−9.34, 3.74] | 0.40 | NA | Low |
| AtDCS | 1 | 23 | −4.66 [−9.97, 0.65] | 0.09 | NA | Low |
| AtDCS_CtDCS | 1 | 28 | 0.55 [−7.48, 8.58] | 0.89 | NA | Low |
| SMA | 1 | 30 | −5.55 [−8.59, −2.51] | 0.0003 | NA | Moderate |
| HFrTMS | 1 | 30 | −5.55 [−8.59, −2.51] | 0.0003 | NA | Moderate |
| DLPFC | 4 | 104 | −5.00 [−6.54, −3.46] | < 0.00001 | 48 | Moderate |
| HFrTMS | 1 | 27 | −3.17 [−8.04, 1.70] | 0.20 | NA | Moderate |
| LFrTMS | 1 | 33 | −5.22 [−6.89, −3.55] | < 0.00001 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 2 | 44 | −4.96 [−12.07, 2.15] | 0.17 | 81 | Low |
| M1_DLPFC | 2 | 93 | 0.60 [−1.47, 2.67] | 0.57 | 20 | High |
| HFrTMS | 1 | 35 | −1.37 [−5.38, 2.64] | 0.50 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 58 | 1.31 [−1.10, 3.72] | 0.29 | NA | Moderate |
| TUG | ||||||
| MC | 1 | 22 | −2.43 [−8.92, 4.06] | 0.37 | 0 | Low |
| AtDCS | 1 | 22 | −2.43 [−8.92, 4.06] | 0.37 | 0 | Low |
| M1 | 5 | 183 | −1.43 [−2.10, −0.76] | < 0.0001 | 33 | High |
| HFrTMS | 4 | 127 | −2.25 [−3.23, −1.27] | < 0.00001 | 0 | High |
| LFrTMS | 1 | 33 | 0.20 [−1.38, 1.78] | 0.80 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 23 | −1.16 [−2.30, −0.02] | 0.05 | NA | Moderate |
| SMA | 1 | 30 | −4.61 [−6.74, −2.48] | < 0.0001 | NA | Moderate |
| HFrTMS | 1 | 30 | −4.61 [−6.74, −2.48] | < 0.0001 | NA | Moderate |
| DLPFC | 1 | 20 | 0.35 [−1.40, 2.10] | 0.69 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 20 | 0.35 [−1.40, 2.10] | 0.69 | NA | Moderate |
| M1_DLPFC | 1 | 58 | −0.65 [−1.46, 0.16] | 0.12 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 58 | −0.65 [−1.46, 0.16] | 0.12 | NA | Moderate |
| FOG | ||||||
| M1 | 3 | 73 | −0.09 [−0.93, 0.75] | 0.83 | 0 | High |
| HFrTMS | 2 | 50 | −0.77 [−3.49, 1.95] | 0.58 | 0 | High |
| AtDCS | 1 | 23 | −0.02 [−0.91, 0.87] | 0.96 | NA | Moderate |
| SMA | 2 | 60 | −2.28 [−3.35, −1.21] | < 0.0001 | 0 | High |
| HFrTMS | 1 | 30 | −2.53 [−3.73, −1.33] | < 0.0001 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 30 | −1.27 [−3.66, 1.12] | 0.30 | NA | Moderate |
| M1_DLPFC | 1 | 58 | −1.00 [−3.47, 1.47] | 0.43 | NA | Moderate |
| AtDCS | 1 | 58 | −1.00 [−3.47, 1.47] | 0.43 | NA | Moderate |
HFrTMS, high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; LFrTMS, low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; AtDCS, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation; CtDCS, cathode transcranial direct current stimulation; MC, motor cortex; M1, primary motor cortex; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; M, Mean Difference; CI, Confidence Interval; NA, Not applicable; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III; TUGT, Time Up and Go Test; FOGQ, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire.