Table 2.

Taxonomy for airway clearance techniques.

Objective	Method	Technique	Type
Cough augmentation	Inspiratory assistance	Single or stacked-breath methods	Assisted inflation therapies (see below)
	Expiratory assistance	Manual	Manually assisted cough (MAC)
		Mechanical	ME of MI-E
	Combined assistance	Manual	Inflation + MAC
		Mechanical	Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation device (MI-E)
Volume augmentation	Assisted inflation	Stacked-breath methods	Glossopharyngeal breathing
			LVR: manual resuscitation bag
			LVR: VCV-NIV
		Single-breath methods	Pressure-limited NIV
			Inspiratory positive pressure breathing device (IPPB)
			MI of MI-E
Sputum clearance	Peripheral ACT/sputum mobilising	Manual	Manual techniques (positioning, percussion, vibrations)
			Chest wall strapping
		Mechanical	Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation
			High frequency chest wall oscillation
	Proximal ACT/cough augmentation	Inspiratory, expiratory, or combined methods	See above

MAC, manually assisted cough; ME, mechanical exsufflation; MI-E, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation; LVR, lung volume recruitment; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; VCV-NIV, volume-limited mode (i.e., volume-controlled ventilation) of non-invasive ventilation; IPPB, inspiratory positive pressure breathing; MI, mechanical insufflation.